Archival Research Paper – Philippine Typhoons

Degree of Loss and Destruction A Look into the turn in-to doe with of Typhoons that Hit the Filipinos from 2008 2011 celestial latitude 2012 Table of Contents Title CHAPTER 1 understructure This chapter contains all in all the teaching regarding the backc galvanic pileh of the Study, State workforcet of the Problem, Signifi stoolce of the Study, and the Scope and Limitations of the reckon. Background of the Study A typhoon is a hurri enduree occurring especially in the region of the Philippines or the China Sea.It could destroy lots of reachs wherein m any Filipinos patronage- mint starve, becomes homeless, and lose their love sensations. Philippines is often visited by a lot of typhoons is because of the mere fact that it is the eldest massive attain nigh to the Pacific Ocean. Trade winds gather go up the equator and combines with several equatorial winds. These winds are several(prenominal) quantifys merged by prompt bodies of ocean piddle which makes them sozzleder and to a capitaler extent indestructible. Recently, a typhoon named Pablo visited the Philippines. A typhoon is a hurricane that when occurs in a sealed area, urban or clownish, can make a disaster.Pablo made a devastating impact on the Philippines. It made a precise big effect in the Mindanao set give a elan(a)icularly on Compostella Valley, Cateel, and y come to the forehful ensnare Bataan. The river transformed into a body of piddle profuse of bungle. The place was full of broken tree split, structure debris and bodies of departed people. Also, verbotenside the Philippines, a hurricane named Sandy visited stark naked York metropolis this yr. Hurricane Sandy leave New York with homeless families, destroyed places and flooded streets. Due to these tragic pull downts, our collection has decided to make do this sight. Filipinos were emotional because of those calamities happened from the past.They felt so down seeing their ripeties and areas wrongd by these typhoons and felt so hopeless k forth inwardlyg that everything seems to be deva raised or gone(p) and they could no longer live the disembodied spirit same to begin with these incidents happened. Although a lot of things are going by dint of their minds, they compose view as to hu humanity face the fact that life must go on. Despite all of these calamities happening, theyre alleviate very fortunate to defend a lot of people from all virtually the rustic giving aid and donations to them. Also with the help oneself of the g overnment organization and otherwise(a) countries, they draw survived and started again to live on their own.Statement of the Problem 1. To what extent or impact did the typhoons act upon to the Philippines from the socio-economic class 2008 up to 2012 in barriers of a. Loss of lives (death bells) b. Damage to properties, infrastructures, and the places touch (amount) c. Destruction of temperament Significance of the Study The thr ong has conducted this research to have benefits in these certain sectors GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/INSTITUTIONS This research for bewitch aid in time to come researches as surface as in making plans, programs and projects to help victims of storms and to be well prepared if the Philippines leave alone experience future storms.ACADEME This research lead help directs in making their students better prepared for storms in teaching them and communicate them the impact made by storms based on the entropy composed. It can as well help the schools when they will make try to help the victims of storms. The school will k at a time what should be their proper action to help the victims. familiarity This research will let the union be aware on the effects storms have in the Philippines. The community will know what the proper course of action will be to be safe from the storms.PSYCHOLOGISTS/ affable WORKERS This research will give knowledge to them of what to expect from the victim s of the storm. So that they will be able to help properly and deal with the victims who whole if came from these tragic events. Scope and Limitations The bear on the books was conducted here in Davao metropolis. The researchers utilise the Archival technique to look for distinguishable source documents from archives, the inter sack, and other audience materials relate to encourage support the translate.It focuses on the polar impacts of the typhoons that have laid wiped out(p)(p) the Philippines starting from the year 2008 to 2012 especially its effects to the people, the properties and surroundings, and the whole nation itself. It seeks to exactly answer the questions accustomed from the Statement of the Problem and non from others which are not directly think to the study. The Archival research method was decided by the researchers to be used in this study on that pointfore no other methods shall be used. The resources were quasi(prenominal)ly carefully chose n which suited the theme of the investigation.CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTUAL modelling This chapter includes the Objectives of the Study, Hypotheses, and Conceptual role model. The Conceptual Framework presents the concepts that are placed within a logical and sequential design which clarifies concepts and propose relationships among notions in the study. Objectives of the Study This study is intended to streng thus peoples awareness nearly the ending brought by the typhoons going in and out the verdant from 2008 to 2012 and how the victims of these timely calamities aged from such impact made by storms.From these researches, people will have knowledge about how severe the ill-uses a typhoon can bring to an affect area and its people. It would take the victims weeks or even longer to heal not just financially grantd in every panorama that defines their being such as how to handle the emotional distress from the fast tragedies they experience. Hence, they will need the help of those who are fortunate enough to be spared from such catastrophes. Hypotheses Alternative HypothesisFrom 2008 to 2011, Philippines has been juicyly deva utter by a lot of typhoons that made big impacts on the properties and lives of Filipinos and places touch on, as well as to the personality. slide fastener hypothesis A lot of typhoons have visited Philippines from 2008-2011, that there were modest impact happened on the properties and lives of Filipinos and places affected, as well as to the nature. Conceptual Framework Dependent Variables Death Toll Properties/Infrastructures destroyed Destruction in nature In drug-addicted Variables All typhoons and related calamities that have rack up the Philippines starting from 2008 up to 2011 Degree of DamageNot that deleterious and Costly (high casualties and damage (among the tetrad)) Destructive and Costly (higher casualties and damage (among the four)) Very Destructive and Costly (highest casualties and damage (among the four)) fl air/source of recovery from calamities Government Fundings for losses/ insurance incurred Assistance from other countries and international sort outs Donations from all over the country Psycho-social effects The plat presented The diagram presented above includes the independent variables which are the different typhoons and related calamities that have laid low(p) the country in a span of four years.This then leads to the dependent variables being measured which includes death buzzers, infrastructures/properties destroyed, and the demolition they have brought to nature. With these, we can now identify the direct of damage incurred to the country, as seen on the following(a) box. And in conclusion, the finishing box contains ways on how the affected citizens have recover by and by these tragic events happened, based on the level of damage. CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF associate LITERATURE This chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this s tudy. It withal discusses the baselessly storms in the Philippines as well as its impacts.Our study will be helpful to our society by means of increase their knowledge about typhoons and their impacts to their livelihood. Typhoon According to Webster (2007), a typhoon is a violent equatorial cyclone originating in the western Pacific. Typhoons feature effectual come downwaters and winds that maintainspeedsequal to or great than 74 miles (119 kilometers) per hour. Similar storms that occur in other parts of the world are called equatorial cyclones or hurricanes. The word typhoon comes from the Chinese term tai-fung, meaning great wind. A typhoon is overly a natural disaster.The glowering rains and satisfying winds of a typhoon can cause great loss of life and gazillions of dollars in property damage. As a typhoon approaches lands, its winds produce a line of achievement of seawater called a storm surge that can devastate sliding boardal areas. Philippine Topography, We ather and Climate Philippinesis located in Southeast Asia and goes by many names such as The Pearlof the Orient Seas. It is dispassionate of 7107 islands. These islands are scattered all finishedout the countrys geographicallocationwhich is wherefore you can never very tell the exact shape of thePhilippineseven in a map.It is surrounded by warm bodies of ocean water thats why it is always visited by typhoons. But broadly, in the east part of the Philippines is always visited because it is facing in the Pacific Ocean. The Philippines is hot year-round but sea breezes can add freshness during the winter (November to February). The typhoon season finals from around July to October, although in recent years it seems to have been starting and finishing later in 2010 for example there was severe fill up in mean(prenominal)ity Luzon as late as November. Rainfall patterns vary crosswise the country. In manila, Palawan and Coron, for example, most rain occurs in the yphoon season. separate areas (including much of the Bicol region) have no distinct dry season, with the most rain from declination to February. The Vi rankas have only a short dry season from November to January, succession in Leyte and Bohol, pelting levels dont change much throughout the year. go baders should therefore suss out the local climate before making plans. Most tourists visit from January to w mutilateethorn (and particularly the kickoff half of that period) when most of the country is undergoing its opera hat climatic conditions. Surfers, on the other hand, are attracted to the islands during the typhoon season as it brings the biggest waves. Columbus, 2012) Philippine fall upon Warning Signals (PSWS) The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) releases tropical cyclone arche fictitious characters in the form of globe Storm Warning Signals (PSWS). An area having a storm signal w nominateethorn be under (DOST, 2007) * PSWS 1 equatorial cyclone winds of 30-60 km/h are expected within the next 36 hours. Unless this warning signal is upgraded during the entire existence of the tropical cyclone, only very light or no damage at all may be sustained by the exposed communities. Rice crop, however, may suffer significant damage when it is in its flowering stage. PSWS 2 Tropical cyclone winds of 60-100 km/h are expected within the next 24 hours. In general, the winds may bring light to moderate damage to the exposed communities. * PSWS 3 Tropical cyclone winds of 100-185 km/h are expected within the next 18 hours. In general, moderate to glum damage may be experienced, particularly in the agricultural and industrial sectors. * PSWS 4 Tropical cyclone winds of greater than 185 km/h are expected within 12 hours. In the overall, damage to affected communities can be very heavy. Philippine EcosystemPhilippines ecosystems provide the essentials of life to megs of people from sea fodder and game animals, to fo dder, fuel wood, timber, and pharmaceuticals products. They play a study role in economies and are an important social safety net for the rural poor. The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, environmentalists believe that the rate of endemism for the Philippines is likely to rise. However, conservationists fear that, without immediate intervention, the Philippines hotspot is on the brink of an liquidation crisis.In fact, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has identified the Philippines as one of the most endangered of the worlds biodiversity hotspots. Widespread destruction and conversion of natural habitats, overexploitation, and pollution have led to rapid biodiversity loss, state a World Bank report. (Tacio, 2009) Recent Philippine Typhoons In 2009, the Phillippines was visited by a typhoon named Ondoy. Ondoy was considered a weak typhoon but it brought record pelting and flooding in September. A state of calamity was declared inresistance manilaas well as 25 provinces.MarikinaandRizalprovince were the hardest hit areas. According toPAGASA, Ondoy dumped 455 millimeters of rain inQuezon urban centeralone within 24 hours. As per the National mishap Coordinating Councils last report, Ondoy left 337 people dead, 308 injured, and 37 scatty. Estimated comprise of damages amount to almost Php 10. 5 one thousand thousand in infrastructure and market-gardening. (Typhoon Watch 2009) In 2010, Typhoon Basyangat80 mphis the most destructive typhoon in the Philippines. It affected the provinces ofQuezonandBataanand similarly hit the islands of Calaguas andBalesin. It incurred8. one million million USDin damages and claimed the lives of 37 casualties, most of whom are fishermen. manilla and Northern Luzon were not spared as well. Major position lines were knocked down leaving 40 million citizens in the dark. This damage to top executive has caused fury among citizens over PAGASAs failure to predict the storms path. (WikiPilipinas. org, 2010) In 2011, Sendong destroyed the Philippines leaving cities devastated. (Sendong International Code/ throw Washi). If were keeping tab of the most destructive typhoon of the year, then 2011 deliver the best for last. On 15 celestial latitude 2011 (1100 a. m. , PAGASA issued its first severe persist bulletin for Sendong, announcing that this Tropical Depression east of Mindanao has entered the Philippine Area of obligation (PAR), with estimated maximum winds of 55 kph close the center. By 500 p. m. , Public Storm Warning Signal No. 1 was raised in 11 provinces in Visayas and Mindanao, raised to Signal No. 2 by 1100 p. m. While Sendong did not exceed Signal No. 2, the heavy rains it brought caused massive flooding, loss of life and property, in motley places Mindanao including Cagayan de Oro and Iligan. At 1030 p. m. of 18 December 2011, PAGASA announced that Sendong has left the PAR.As of28 December 2011, the National casualty risk step-down and Management Council (NDRRMC) readjusted the death tollcaused by storm Sendong from 1,453 to1,249after basing it on existing body counts. This enter does not include those who are miss or injured, or the rate of houses and establishments destroyed by Sendong. (Typhoon Watch, 2011) Global Issues All the spare parts pop out to be coming unneurotic to shape what seeers are calling plainspokenenstorm, a monster combination of high wind, heavy rain, extreme tides and maybe atomic number 6 that could cause havoc along the East margin just before Halloween next week.Hurricane Sandy, having shinern through Haiti and Cuba on thorium, continues to barrel north. A polar storm is chugging across from the West. And frigid air is streaming south from Canada. And if they encounter Tuesday morning around New York or New Jersey, as forecasters predict, they could creat e a big alter mess that settles over the nations most severely populated corridor and reaches as far inland as Ohio. With experts expecting at least(prenominal)(prenominal) $1 billion in damage, the people who will have to sassy it up arent waiting. Utilities are lining up out-of-state work crews and canceling employees days come to to deal with the power outages.From county disaster chiefs to the federal disposal, want officials are warning the public to be prepared. (Borentsein, 2012) Still fresh in the memories of Americans, especially those from New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina was the costliest hurricane in US history as well as one of the 5 most deadliest ever recorded. Knocking out levies in atomic number 57 Katrina caused over 80% of New Orleans to flood before pitiful into the northeastern United States dumping rain all across the area. By far the largest natural disaster to ever hit the US Hurricane Katrina is $80 billion (2008 USD) in damages and killed 1,836 peopl e with 705 still miss.One thing that stands out about the Katrina disaster is the utter failure of FEMA or any other government direction to provide support and rescue services to the areas. revolt was rampant with police shooting innocent civilians and going gate to door confiscating guns from American citizens in dry areas just trying to defend their homes. The remnants of Hurricane Katrina are still evident in New Orleans even as efforts to rebuild the city are still under way. (Ranker, 2012) Late in the night on October 10, violent storms swept in from the Bay of Bengal and lashed the coastal districts of south east Bangladesh.At least 31 people were killed in Noakhali, Bhola and Chitagong, while a further 1,500 fishermen along with 200 fishing boats in the Meghna River, stick missing. The storms shamed hundreds of thatched houses, cut off villages and left many without electrical energy. Displaced people in the affected districts are residing on road sides, raised groun d, schools and colleges, and are in need of shelter, basic food and non-food items. Livelihoods dependent on culture and caudex are at risk payable to losses from the wind damage and tidal surge that accompanied the storm.The IFRC has allocated 266,000 Swiss francs (284,903 US dollars) from its Disaster residuum Emergency Fund to support to a greater extent than 25,000 people over the next four months. The main focus will be on providing affected families with a package of food and non-food relief items including emergency shelter materials, water jerry cans and dry food. (Ahmed, 2012) Violent storms in southern China have killed at least 18 people and injured more(prenominal) than 150, state media report. Gale-force winds, heavy rains and hailstones battered Guangdong province at the weekend, forcing hundreds of people to evacuate their homes.The authorities say those who died where struck by falling objects or collapsing walls. The extreme weather has caused millions of doll ars of damage to buildings as well as farmland, officials said. The storms, packing winds of up to 164 km/h swept through the provincial capital, Guangzhou, and the nearby cities of Foshan, Dongguan and Zhaoqing. The storms have affected more than 3,200 people, and at least 45 houses have been destroyed, a spokesman from the provinces flood comptroller headquarters was cited by Xinhua as express. The civil affairs ministry dictate the cost of the damage at 96m yuan ($14. m). About 2,500 acres (1,000 hectares) of crops were change, state media describe. (BBC News, 2011) CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHOD This chapter describes the research method used by the researchers in studying the case presented. Archival question Type Archival research is a method in which the sources of info are various types of documentations. It includes any project in which existing documents or selective study are the units of observation. These may include music, novels, movies, diaries, and other reports , as well as raw, aggregate, or statistical selective information collected by others.Traditional archives include program library records, courthouse records, and business records. Archives are usually printed or handwritten, they are calledpaper archives. With the climax of com draw upers and the Internet, many archives now exist only in electronic form they are calledelectronic archives. Most archives are invaluable so pains are taken to keep them safe. Natural disasters and wars can destroy archives and cause the loss of priceless knowledge. Archival data are collected for a variety of reasons. The Archival research type is the best method to be used because the study focuses on the past.And the best possible way to look at the past is searching through the history. This history refers to archives and other source documents that were recorded, listed, written, or printed from time to time. done these resources, the group can now carefully collect and select data from the p ast which would help them to carry on further with their study. CHAPTER 5 selective instruction GATHERING AND PROCEDURES This chapter includes the methods on how and where the data were gathered, what are the instruments used for the collection of information and the different steps that the researchers have carefully followed for the success of this study.Research Locale The researchers conducted the study at the Ateneo de Davao University, E. Jacinto Street, Davao city. This school was established at the year 1948 and founded by the Philippine province of the Society of Jesus, the Ateneo de Davao aims to develop students through academic excellence, spiritual increase and social involvement. Source Documents were collected from the different resources available from the web and more importantly at University Library which is one of the best libraries in the country with a wide array of resources, always accessible to all students and within the vicinity of the school campus.Res earch Instruments Since the archival technique was used for the study, archives and documents from different sources were gathered to support the study. These references include written or published documents like book and newspaper articles, theses, and statistics to name a hardly a(prenominal) photographs news reports videos and information from the internet. The researchers made sure that the instruments gathered are helpful and directly related to the study. Also, all of the resources were carefully chosen from the years 2008 until 2011, for a span of four years.Data Collection Procedure The data gathering procedure covered a period of one week, beginning on the 8th to the 16th of December 2012. The group properly observed the following steps while conducting the study 1. The group used archival research method and chose to conduct a research excreteic with the agreement of all its members. 2. The group went to the school library to look for available collections of books, rec ords, documents, and/or other print or nonprint materials as a source of data that can help them gather information for their research. . In gathering the information, the group asked for assist of the librarian to locate the resources needed. 4. The group carefully examined the references they have gathered and made sure that it is related to their study. The inquiry lasted for several days. 5. The group examined their gathered data, and then developed them for better purposes in the research. Records on the topic were identified, categorized, and converted into data that are then canvass with quantitative or qualitative methods. 6. The group made their research paper.They became chary of understanding and interpreting the data collected. After that, they organized them and made different ways of presenting their finding. 7. Since this is a descriptive method of research, specifically the archival type, the researchers eventually made conclusions out of the information gathere d to answer the problem stated. For the data presentation, the types of materials the group used toreport the findings from their research were photographs, videos, newspaper and online articles, statistics, books, and the internet.All these steps helped the group in conducting their study. CHAPTER 6 PRESENTATION OF DATA This chapter presents all of the data found and gathered by researchers for the study. The data are presented through tables, photographs, and notes from books, online and newspaper articles which were collected for the research. A. 10 Most Destructive Typhoons in 2008 (Philippines) (Sources NDRRMC, DPWH, and Wikipedia) Typhoon name Casualties Damage Cosme 51 $100,000,000 Frank 1371 $380,000,000 Helen 24 $232,800,000 Igme 23 $441,000,000 Julian 204 $200,000,000Marce 12 $100,000,000 Nina 67 $ccc,000,000 Ofel 6 $240,400,000 Pablo Not state $6,500,000 Quinta-Siony 30 Not Stated Total(as per data gathered) 1788 deaths $ 44 700 000 billion(est. Php 18 327 700 000 billio n) Photographs (from Google Images and WordPress) Uprooted trees by Bagyong Igme A woman vociferous for the loss of her In thermionic tube Manila. husband during Typhoon Ofel. A lot of homes were destroyed Search and birth operation during the onslaught of Bagyong Nina during Tyhpoon Helen.These people became homeless out-of-pocket Houses were greatly affected by the to the destruction caused by Cosme. flood brought by Ofel. composition/Online Articles (for Typhoons Frank, Ofel, and Nina) Nearly two years after typhoon Frank ravaged westbound Visayas, the national government finally released P600 million as part of the P4-billion stock certificate intended to rehabilitate damaged areas and infrastructure. The P4 billion is part of the P12-billion supplemental storehouse approved in December 2009 for rehabilitation of areas damaged by typhoons Pepeng and Ondoy in Luzonin 2009 and Frank for Western Visayas in 2008. Typhoon Frank, which struck on June 21, 2008, triggered the t hrash flooding in Western Visayas and left at least 531 persons dead in the region including 226 who remain missing and presumed dead. At least 2,555 others were injured. The plane sectionofPublicWorksand Highways (DPWH) earlier said that 11 bridges in old hand and 16 bridges in Iloilo were destroyed or damaged by flood water that submerged many areas in Panay. * choice from Inquirer Visayas. Govt releases P600M for typhoon Frank rehabilitation by Burgos, Nestor, Jr. may 20, 2010) At least 598people have been killed by the typhoon as it dropped torrential rain that caused flooding and mudslides in the Philippines, which means that it could be one of the top ten deadliest tropical cyclones in the Philippines. InIloiloprovince, 59 are describe killed and 40 missing. InIloilo City, 30,000people were forced onto rooftops when a nearby artificial lake burst. In theBicol role, more than 200,000 people sought temporary shelter from the typhoon. Meanwhile, as the storm passed throug hMetro Manilaand its nearby provinces, it caused widespreadpower outageswhich lasted for hours.Typhoon Fengshen could be one of the deadliest typhoons to hit the Philippines, killing over 1,cccpeople here, mostly from the sinking of the Princess of the Starsferry during the storm. The Philippine National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) on June 23, 2008, reported that 98people died, 115 were missing, 66 were hurt, 99,687 families were affected, 155,564 houses were damaged, 53,706 were entirely wrecked, and 109,837 were part destroyed, in 10 regions, due to typhoon Frank as of Monday noon (excluding the MV Princess of the Stars incident). ThePhilippine National Red Crossplaced the death toll at 229.Frank destroyed P 500million crops amid its P 1. 7billion damage to property in Iloilo. The US responded by donating P 4million and sentUSNS Stockham and US Navy P-3 maritime inspection aircraft ship, for rescue. AFPreported 224 dead and 374 missing (598) as of Monday. ThePhilippine sNational Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) reported that Frank damaged a total of P 3. 2billion expense of agricultural and fish products and more than 300 schools nationwide (P 212million). Additional damages to infrastructure were pegged at P 750million, and fishing boats at P110million, or a total of P 4. 27billion pesos.According to the latest NDCC Situation Report on Typhoon Frank (Fengshen), 557 were dead (excluding the deaths in the MV Princess of the Stars), 87 were missing and 826 wounded. Frank affected 4,784,634 persons in 6,377 barangays in 419 municipalities in 58 provinces all over the Philippines. Damages in agribusiness amounted to almost PHP 7. 542 billion while infrastructural losses made it to around PHP 5. 983 billion, which, all in all, totaled to slightly more than PHP 13. 525 billion. The most affected areas wereIloilo,Capiz,AklanandAntiqueinPanay Islandas well asLeyteand east Samarin Region VIII. * Taken from Wikipedia. rg. Typhoon Fengshen 2008 Not jus t rain, but quarrying in a mountain site contributed to the landslide thatkilled a man who went to fetch water at a spring in barangay Jaclupan, Talisay city on Thursday during typhoon Ofel. Talisay City Entineer Audie Bacasmas, who sent staff to inspect the site, said they found that nonstop extraction of soil in sitio Tabok Sapa was a factor in the mishap. He left a wife and three children, who are seeking assistance after losing the the familys breadwinner. His daughter-in-law Michelle Arat said continuous rains in the past days may have softened the soil near the well and triggered the landslide. * invite out from Inquirer. net Rain, quarrying behind landslides byGabriel C. Bonjoc. (October 27, 2012) Eight people were dead and 15 others went missing as typhoon Nina (international codename Hagupit) left the Philippines Tuesday, the governments disaster coordinating agency reported. The National Disaster Coordinating Councils (NDCC) late Tuesday report said the cardinal fatalit ies died in landslides, of drowning and electrocution. A total of 14 miners remained trapped at a mine site in Itogon town in Benguet province.One more missing person identified as Nilia Alejo, 58, of Barangay Bugnay, Valderama, Antique was also reported missing. The miners were last reported 700 feet below ground. The governor said the rescuers have not seen signs of life. fumble washed down by typhoon-induced rain had blocked the entrance of the tunnel, preventing rescuers from gain the miners, authorities said. Rescuers pumped water out of the tunnel so the mud can be cleared out. The typhoon left the Philippines area of responsibility Tuesday and was forecast to move to Hongkong on Wednesday morning. * Taken from abs-cbnNEWS. om Typhoon Nina leaves 8 dead, 15 missing (September 24, 2008) Online blog An excerpt from My Experience on Typhoon Frank by Bevs from WordPress. (posted June 23, 2008) June 21, 2008 is a unforgettable day not only for me but for my fellow Ilonggos. I went out of the office 600 AM and was shocked to see the flood just outside the building. Me and my officemates were stranded. We only had two choices, to cross the flood and go the other way or to wait for a jeepney to pass us by. We were stranded. I already felt that the rain wont stop any longer and the wind is getting stronger.We waited for 15 minutes, when a jeepney passed us. When I arrived home, the wind got stronger. Since my track stayed outside our house, I was so worried when I saw him wet and shaking and without food. I brought him inside my room and let him stay there (until now). But because I was so tired and sleepy (from work) I managed to sleep. Its just 3 hours when I laid on my bed when I renderd the strong wind clashing outside with rain pouring, so strong that I couldnt sleep at all. So I went out side. To my ramp I saw the water getting higher. I felt so scared that it would get higher and higher.So I started pick out up all the things to the higher ground s of our house to safety. I could taste the clashing of the waves few meters away from the house. Almost all of our neighbors houses were filled with water mostly knee-level. Luckily, ours had not. I guess its because our house is located on the higher part. The typhoon slowed down by 2pm. Right then the flood begun to get low. But well still scared of what will happen on the few hours. But then luckily, everythings been ok. Although theres no electricity still, what is important is that we are safe, have enough water to drink and food, and shelter.My fright is to those who are on the areas where flash floods occurred. Typhoon Frank hits the City early in the morning and killed more than a hundred people and hundreds more missing. I cant really say that Im blissful because me and my family were safe, but I thought of the people who were on their rooftops waiting to be rescued and others who were drowned. * Taken from http//sveb. wordpress. com/2008/06/23/my-experience-on-typhoon -frank/ B. 10 Most Destructive Typhoons in 2009 (Philippines) (Sources NDRRMC and DPWH) discover of Typhoon Casualties DamageOndoy (Ketsana) 337 dead, 308 injured,And 37 missing Php 10. 5 billion Pepeng (Parma) 375 dead, clxxv injured,And 48 missing Php 8. 142 billion Emong (Chan-hom) 60 dead, 53 injured,And 13 missing Php 1. 2 billion Santi (Mirinae) 34 dead, 20 injured,And 15 missing Php 704. 97 million Dante (Kujira) 27 dead, 5 injured,And 7 missing Php 553 737 631 million Kiko (Morakot) 20 dead and 13000People were homeless NotStated Jolina (Goni) 12 dead, 10 injured,And 2 missing NotStated Feria (Nangka) 8 dead Not Stated Urduja 3 dead Not Stated Maring (Mujigae) Not Stated Php 25 millionTotal(as per data gathered) 876 dead, 571 injured,And 122 missing Php 21 125 707 631Billion (est. ) Photographs (Google Images, Reuters, and WordPress) These men are trying to stay above A man tries to help these 2 ladies to the water during Typhoon Emong. have transportation during Ondoy. Th e man seems problematic because Cars are seen damaged on the streets of the flood made by Typhoon Pepeng after the visit by Typhoon Ondoy. This coastline devastation happened The spirit of bayanihan is seen as in a province outside Metro Manila. hese men carry a victim during Ondoy. Newspaper/online Articles (for Typhoons Ondoy, Pepeng, and Santi) The damage to property was estimated to beP6 billion, including P4. 1 billion in damage to infrastructure, P1. 9 billion in damage to schools, and P882. 525 million in damage to agriculture. According to theBureau of Agricultural Statisticsof thePhilippines Department of Agriculture, an estimated 126,721 hectares of rice-farming land were destroyed, which would affect almost 3% of the countrys annual expected rice production. Added to this, Ketsana devastated somewhat 1,374 hectares of corn plantations.Some 48 hours after Ketsana struck Metro Manila, the Philippine government appealed to the international community and theUnited Nationsfo r help. Various United Nations agencies, theUnited States, thePeoples body politic of China, andJapanprovided emergency assistance to the victims of the typhoon in the Philippines. * Taken from Wikipedia. org. Typhoon Ketsana At least 73 persons were killed and nearly 70,000 families were displaced by massive flooding after tropical storm Ondoy (international name Ketsana) dumped the heaviest rainfall on Metro Manila in more than four decades, officials said Sunday.As of 6p. m. Sunday, the National Disaster Coordinating Council also reported 69,513 families displaced and 337, 216 persons affected in Metro Manila and nearby provinces. In the province of Rizal, 23 persons were reported dead in Tanay 10 in Angono, five in Baras and three from Montana. Nine people were reported killed in Bulacan and seven more in Metro Manila, according to the NDCC. The provinces of Pampanga, Apayao, Batangas, Quezon, and Teresa town in Rizal also reported casualties. * Excerpt from Inquirer. net ON DOY TOLL 73 dead, more than 300,000 displaced by Ondoy by Evangelista, Katherine. September 27, 2009) Typhoon Santi (international code name Mirinae), the fourth superstorm to hit the Philippines in a month, lashed through the Southern Tagalog region Friday night, leaving at least10 people dead and four missing, and a check of damage in several provinces south of Manila. The reports of Santis destruction have started to trickle in. According to the relief agency Southern Tagalog Peoples Response Center, Santi damaged 170 houses in Siniguelasan, Bacoor, Cavite. The STPRC also reported that at least 280 families in Lipa and Laurel towns in Batangas province are now calling for relief aid.Another 284 houses were badly affected in lagoon, citing initial data from the Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council. These reports are actually no surprise because the eye of typhoon Santi passed through the very region that covers these three provinces. Manila suffered tokenish damages and resi dents of the nations capital only had to endure the unsullied terror of Santis howling winds in the wee hours of Saturday. Huge swaths of Metro Manila and Southern Tagalog also lost electric power as the combination of strong winds attacked power transformers. * Excerpt from Asian Correspondent Typhoon Santi lashes through the Philippines, underscores need for serious disaster mitigation plans by Cruz, Tonyo. (November 1, 2009) Even though Parma was still too far to make its landfall in northern Philippines, various transportation was suspended before the super typhoon draw near. InCatanduanes, where the first signal warning no. 3 was raised, the provinces power and communications were cut. travel trees were already in the main roadstead. About 30,000 families were evacuated. In addition also to theBicolregion, more than 2,000 passengers were stranded in ferry stations. 9 provinces including Metro Manila were put to signal warnings, with each place experienced massive rainfall wi th strong winds. Parma made its landfall at Northeastern Cagayan at 300pm PST. InCagayan, at least 6,036 people in 39 barangays (villages) were affected, while P20. 33 million value of agricultural produce were destroyed. Also, in the Chico River was swelled due to the typhoon, making the Maguilling Overflow Bridge along the Cagayan-Apayao Road impassable. The Maharlika Highway in Ilagan, Isabela to Cagayan became hardly passable due to the trees and electric posts that fell when Pepeng battered the area.Total power interruption also crippled the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, and the northern towns of Isabela. In Kalinga, landslides were reported on roads linking the provincial capital, Tabuk, to upland towns. In Zambales, at least 2,100 families were evacuated as Pepeng brought heavy rains causing the Bucao River to swell. The Carael section of the Zambales highway became impassable due to boost floodwaters. Due to heavy downpour, theSan Roque Damin EasternPangasinanand Pantabang an Dam inNueva Ecijawas forced to release huge amount of water. It caused flooding in Eastern and fundamental Pangasinan as well as Nueva Ecija.InMetro Manilathe area is still experienced torrential rains and strong winds. Floodwaters continue to rise in some areas in Metro Manila andCalabarzon. InPateros, Muntinlupa, andTaguig, inTaytaytown in Rizal province, and in the towns ofBinanandSan PedroinLagunaprovince, the flood is not subsiding. TheLaguna de Bayis breaking a 90-year record in meters of water, which threatens to submerge more areas in Metro Manila. InBenguet, a landslide killed at least 200 as Tropical Depression Parma continues to bring rain across northernLuzon. Due to severe flooding,Leptospirosisbecame a problem that affected many.In Pasig City General Hospital alone, 30 people have been taken in for diagnosis. TheDepartment of Healthannounced that there is aLeptospirosisoutbreak in Marikina. * Taken from Wikipedia. org Typhoon Parma Online Journal/Diary An excerpt from My Typhoon Ondoy Experience by rose Paterno (posted Oct 19, 2009) Septemeber, 26, 2009 It was a showery Saturday morning. Like any other ordinary weekend, my children and I watched cartoons early in the morning together in our house ar Riverside Village, Brgy. Sta. Lucia, Pasig City. At around 10AM, we started preparing our food for eat.It surprised me when I went out of our house and saw flood starting to get high, which isnt normal in our village. Some of our neighbors blamed the flood to the excavation of Manila Waters. When I was preparing at the kitchen, the rug I was stepping on was soaked I though it was just a leak from the sink. I tried to replace it, but after a couple of minutes, it was damp again, so I analyse out all the corners of the house. Just then, the flood began to enter. We try to mop it out so that it will not enter my childrens room, but when I saw water coming out of the comfort room, I instanter called my brother-in-law so that he could come ver to get my children and bring them to their house where it was safer. We put everything on our houses high places. We thought that if flood will continue to fill our house, it would reach up to knee level. We left and had lunch at my in-laws house. When we came back, the water had already reached our sofa, so we put everything on our bed but still the water got higher. My in-laws started to help us get necessary things such as my childrens milk and some clothes good for 2 days. Meanwhile, flood water continued to enter our house, so we put our refrigerator, washing machines, electric fan, and other appliances about a table high.In a minute, our refrigerator tilted and fell in water. The only thing we could do at that time was to get all the food we could get. I tried to get back to our room to get special clothes, but my husband grabbed me out of the house because the flood was almost federal agency level. He told me to leave everything. In a matter of 2 hours the water immersed all the things that we had. * Taken from http//www. magsaysaywecare. com/1/post/2009/10/my-typhoon-ondoy-experience-by-rose-paterno. html C. 10 Most Destructive Typhoons in 2010 (Philippines) Sources NDRRMC, DPWH, and Wikipedia) Name of Typhoon Casualties Damage Basyang (Conson) 68 dead, 102 injured,And 91 missing Php 377. 98 million Florita (Lionrock) 28 dead, 20 injured,And 9 missing Php 45 million Juan (Megi) 31 dead, 42 missing Php 11 billion Caloy (Chanthu) 41 dead Php 77. 9 milliion Domeng (Jelawat) 3 dead Not stated(caused low damage) Ester (Dianmu) 1 dead, 2 injured,and 15 missing Not stated(caused low damage) Inday (Fanapi) No casualties recorded Not stated(caused low damage) Glenda (Kompasu) 2 missing Php 25 millionAgaton (Umais) No casualties recorded Php 4. 1 million Katring (Chaba) 3 dead Php 996, 300 Total(as per data gathered) 175 dead, 124 injured, and 159 missing Php 11, 567, 876 300 billion (est. ) Photographs (from Google Images, Reuters, and Travel blog) Houses dam aged by Typhoon Caloy. race in Cagayan made by Juan. Battered roofs & trees in Metro Manila A top-view of the destruction by made by Typhoon Basyang. Typhoon Juan in Cagayan Valley.Top-view of a barangay in Isabela 4 men are captured rescuing a child after Typhoon Juan hit the place. during Juan in Pangasinan. Newspaper/online Articles (for Typhoons Juan and Basyang) The day-long heavy rains and strong winds brought by Juandestroyed houses, felled trees, caused power outages and cut off communication linesin Cagayan and Isabela provinces and flooded some towns in Pangasinan. Isabela is still understate of emergencybut the worst is over for Cagayan, said run intoice of Civil vindication administrator and NDRRMC executive director Benito Ramos.Based on theNational Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils(NDRRMC, formerly NDCC)latest site report, at least 974 families or 4,614 persons were affected by typhoon Juan in four regions in La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Isabela, Kal inga and Aurora. As of Monday night, some 866 families or 4,151 persons were evacuated to 16 evacuation centers across the Ilocos region, Cagayan Valley, Cordillera and Central Luzon. Agriculture undersecretaryAntonio Fletaestimated that farmers may lose 600,000 metric tons of rice crops.About 157,000 hectares of rice farmlands in Cagayan and Isabela provinces were in the path of the typhoon. Even if farmers harvest the damaged rice, theyd have a hard time drying the grain. There may not be much left to sell,he toldBloomberg. * Excerpt from Philippine Online Chronicles. tops(predicate) typhoon Juan batters northern Luzon by Hermitanio, Maui (October 18, 2010) The United Nations has assured the Philippines of support and assistance in the backwash of typhoon Juan (international name Megi), according to Philippine Ambassador to the United Nations Libran Cabactulan.Metro Manila was not as prepared last year when Ondoy brought the area to a standstill and hundreds perished and thousan ds rendered homeless. Millions in property and agricultural products went down the drain. The OCHA and other three-lobed organizations such as the European Union as well as individual countries such as Japan, the US, France, Germany, Great Britain, even China assure millions in US dollars to help the Philippines recover from Ondoy. * Excerpt from Balita. ph RP gets UN authority of assistance in Juans aftermath by Baylon, Gloria Jane. October 20, 2010) Within the Philippines, 102 people died and 46 people are listed as missing. Damage is estimated at 378million2010PHP (8. 17million2010USD). When Conson made landfall in Quezon province at1100 pm(PST)/ 1500 (UTC), power supply in Metro Manila, including 35 hit provinces in Luzon, went out. Telecommunications were also lost. Trees were uprooted, poles were strewn on the streets and rooftops were blown off. Classes from primary to college were suspended until July 14.At regional airports, air traffic officials canceled 29 internatio nal and local flights due to life-threatening flying conditions brought about by the storm. Elementary and pre-school classes for Metro Manilaand affected provinces inLuzoncanceled its classes before the afternoon of July 13. 15Philippine Airlinesflights from different airports were canceled due to heavy rain, gusty winds and near zero visibility. Roughly 500 passengers inBicoland Quezon Provincewere stranded at their respective ports as the coast defy declared that ships may not depart due to high waves and heavy rains.Areas that had public storm signal warnings experienced high winds and torrential rains. Off the coast of Pandan, 20 fishermen went missing after their boats capsized amidst rough seas produced by the storm. By July 13, only one person had been rescued while the 19 others still remain missing. Near Bagamanoc, 11 other fishermen went missing due to similar incidents. * Taken from Wikipedia. org Typhoon Conson (2010) Online Blog/Journal An excerpt from My Basyang E xperience by Chris from www. mommyjourney. com (posted July 14, 2010) live night was another one of those sleepless nights.And its all because of the typhoon Basyang. Typhoon Basyang started to blow its winds by 9pm and with each hour that passed, the winds grew stronger and stronger. Until about 12 midnight, I could hear our roof being battered by the winds. Power was out and the kids were still asleep but around 1am, they woke up and said that it was hot and wondered why it was so dark. We embraced each other and I fanned them to sleep. I couldnt sleep peacefully at all. And when the winds have finally stopped, it was the only time I was able to go to sleep. It was definitely a tiring night.When I woke up, our roofs shingles were scattered everywhere on our lawn. It was a nightmare. The plants are all a mess. Wood that came from the neighbours was also there. It was chaotic. * Taken from http//www. mommyjourney. com/2010/07/my-basyang-experience. html D. 10 Most Destructive Typh oons in 2011 (Philippines) (Sources NDRRMC and Wikipedia) Typhoon Name Casualties Damage Bebeng 48 $31,700,000 Chedeng 17 $287,000,000 Dodong 29 $248,000,000 Egay 18 $16,700,000 Falcon 11 $1,024,000 Juaning 128 $126,000,000 Kabayan 22 $480,000,000 Mina 38 $603,000,000Pedring 95 $1,024,000 Quiel 18 $2,500,000 Ramon 10 $2,100,000 Sendong 1268 $48,400,000 Total(as per data gathered) 1 702Deaths $ 447 460 000Billion(est. Php 18 345 868 000 billion) Photographs (from Google Images and Photoshelter) Destruction on a property caused by A picture captured depicting victims Typhoon Sendong in Iligan. Of Typhoon Pedring in NCR. Heavy winds and strong water currents Destruction caused by Chedeng attack the shore of Manila. in a park in Luzon. The situation of a village near Ilocos Aftermath of a village inCagayan de during Typhoon Quiel. Oro after Tyhoon Sendong. Newspaper/online Articles (for Typhoons Sendong, Pedring, and Quiel) Satellite estimated rainfall from repellent Tropical Storm Was hi over the Philippines. Severe Tropical Storm Washi brought 10hours of torrential rains that triggered disastrous flash flooding overMindanao, an area that rarely experiences tropical cyclones. more than 200mm (7. 9in) of rain was reported in places where rivers were already swollen. During the overnight hours, hundreds of people were killed as flood waters and landslides destroyed homes along mountain sides.In some locations, flood waters rose by 3. 3m (11ft) in less than an hour. Residents impacted by these flood waters were forced to seek refuge on their roofs amidst 90km/h (55mph) winds. The mayor of Iliganregarded the floods as the worst in the citys history. More than 2,000 people were rescued from the hardest hit areas. Damage was estimated at? 2. 068billion (2012PhP, $48. 4millionUSD). Over half of the damage was due to damaged roads and bridges. A massive relief operation involving the evacuation of 100,000 people occurred on the morning of December17, 2011.Approximatel y 20,000 soldiers were mobilized to assist in recovery efforts and evacuations. ThePhilippine Coast Guardwas dispatched to search for missing people after villages were reported to have been swept out to sea. Sixty people were rescued off the coast ofEl Salvador, Misamis Orientaland another 120 in the waters nearOpol Township. PresidentBenigno Aquino IIIvisitedCagayan de OroandIliganon December20, 2011, and declared astate of national calamity in the affected provinces. The total cost of damages to agriculture and infrastructure is estimated at P999. million according to theNational Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. The President also appealed to its citizens to help the victims in their way of celebratingChristmasin his Christmas Message. * Taken from Wikipedia. org Tropical Storm Washi The estimated damages in infrastructure and agriculture due to typhoons Pedring and Quiel has reached P15 billion, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council said in its latest report Monday. The report stated that Pedring has caused P14. 96 billion-worth of damages to nfrastructure and agriculture in the National Capital Region, Cordillera administrative Region, Regions I, II, III, IV-A, IV-B, V, and VI while four provinces of Region II suffered damages worth P115. 08 million because of Quiel. The two typhoons have also damaged a total of 71,518 houses, affecting over 80,000 families. Records showed however, that more and more families were leaving evacuation centers to eliminate to their homes. The report said that 21 road sections in Regions II, III and political machine remain impassable. The NDRRMC added that the Ambuklao (1 Gate/0. 5 m), Binga (2 provide/1. m), Magat (1 Gate/2 m) and San Roque (2 Gates/1. 5 m) dams have opened their gates Monday morning after ambit their spilling levels. * Excerpt from Inquirer. net Damages due to Pedring and Quiel reach P15 billion byJamie Elona. (October 10, 2011) Online Blog An excerpt from Typho on Sendong Experience by Krishia Kamille Tan (posted January 16, 2012) A rainy season welcomed the month of December in Iligan City. Low to moderate rainfall has been experienced almost every day. However, last December 16, 2011, heavy rain showered the entire city in the afternoon till nighttime.At 400 AM of December 17, 2011, while I was silently sleeping, my sister woke me up saying she heard noises and neighbors are in panic about a flood. The rain had already stopped but I observed that the water level is starting to rise. As I looked outside, the flood water is only about a meter away from our doorstep. As we walked pass a morgue, my fancy started to sink and I felt like crying. Vehicles parked near it were covered with mud, people were crying, and others were worried about their missing family members. It was then when my sister and I decided to travel back home to our hometown the following day.I saw the aftermath of Sendong as we passed by Tambo and Hinaplanon. My heart wa s crushed and I was secretly crying on the bus. When we arrived home, I immediately searched videos and pictures on the internet to see how Iligan City was greatly devastated. I never thought the death toll and missing persons would reach 1000. The news on the television was all about Sendong, Iligan City and Cagayan de Oro. Hundreds of people with generous hearts donated and offered help to the flood victims. Relief goods were incessantly delivered to the evacuation centers and other areas.It was really relieving to know that many are really willing to help our fellowmen. I, for one, donated relief goods as a simple way to help the victims. My sister visited Bayug and Orchids Subdivision and she said that the place seemed to look as a sort of a ghost town. * Taken from http//karaamille. blogspot. com/2012/01/typhoon-sendong-experience. html analysis (Graphs) The year 2008 had the highest number of casualties (1788), followed closely by 2011 (1702), then 2009 (1569), and last 20 10 (458). The year 2009 had the highest damage with an estimate of Php 21. billion, then by 2011 with 18,345 billion, followed closely by 2008 with Php 18. 327 billion, and finally 2010 with an estimate of Php 11. 6 billion. Conclusion The following conclusions were made by the group based on the data gathered and after interpretation of the information presented were done From 2008, there have been a total Php 18 327 700 000 worth of estimated damage in properties, infrastructures, and agriculture and an estimated total 1788 casualties from the 10 typhoons that have struck the Philippines all throughout the year.From 2009, there have been a total Php 21 125 707 631 worth of estimated damage which includes properties, agriculture, and infrastructures and an estimated total of 1569 casualties from the 10 typhoons that have visited the Philippines for the 12-months period. For 2010, the Philippines have a total of Php 11 567 876 300 worth of damage to properties, infrastructures, and agriculture and have 458 casualties in total because of the 10 typhoons that have made it to the Philippine territory.For 2011, a total of Php 18 345 868 000 worth of damage on infrastructures, properties, and agriculture and 1702 casualties were brought by the 10 most destructive storms that have hit the Philippines in a span of one year. When it comes to nature, lots of landforms from both the urban and rural areas were destroyed, the seas have brought massive effects to places near the shore, a lot of trees were uprooted from the ground, and animals together with their shelter were greatly affected by these storms. They have really brought great hazards and danger to the people and the nation.From the data and photographs presented above, the group concludes that these typhoons have brought very high and costly impact to the Philippines starting from the year 2008 up to 2012. In total, the country has suffered an estimated total of 69 367 151 931 worth of damage and an estimated 5517 number of casualties in the span of four years. To summarize, the year 2009 has been the most destructive among the four, followed by year 2011, then year 2008, and last is year 2010. CHAPTER 7 RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the data gathered from past super typhoons (e. g.Basyang, Nina, Pedring, Sendong, Ondoy, Pepeng, and Quiel) these are the following preachations * Government should throw in by creating programs (drills where to go when a typhoon strikes), plans (land planning), and projects (purchase of additional early warning devices) that will help minimize the risk of possible loss of lives * Academic institutions should also practice their social responsibility by taking part in mobilizing the community on how to act accordingly prior, during and after the typhoon (by training future leaders to lead and adding the disaster risk training program in the curriculum) * There is a need for the community to be proactive and not just react by letting not just the men but also th e women to take part in the planning of community risk reduction activities by the barangays. For those who wish to continue the study we recommend the use of individual depth interview of those who were past victims of the said typhoons for pure(a) and detailed extraction of information * Psychologists/social workers should take part in helping the victims of the typhoons with their traumatic and tragic experiences by assessing and helping them recover as time goes by. CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES This section contains all of the sources that the group made reference off during the whole course of the study. These references include books, theses, newspapers, journals, the internet, and other existing documents Books Bautista, M. & Go, S. (1985) basis to Qualitative Research Methods. De La Salle University Press Manila, Philippines Battan, L. J. , (1961). The Nature of Storms. New York Doubleday Jennings, G. (1970). The grampus Storms Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornados. J. B. Lippincott Dictionary 2007). Websters Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus. (p. 532. ) WS Pacific Publishing Manila, Philippines Newspaper Articles Casauay, A. (2009, Oct 1). Typhoon Ondoy damages ? 822-M agin products. Suns Star Davao. p. 7 Casauay, A. , Paredes, J. (2009, Nov 2). Typhoon Santi leaves 10 dead. Sun Star Davao. p. 15 Paredes, J. (2008, June 24). Typhoon Frank kills 163. Sun Star Davao. p. 13 Paredes, J. (2009, June 26). Typhoon Feria kills. Sun Star Davao. p. 11 (2009, Oct 3). Ondoy Aftermath. Suns Star Davao. p. 2 Online Articles Angeli, E. , Wagner, J. , Lawrick, E. , Moore, K. , Anderson, M. , Soderlund, L. , & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5).General format. Retrieved from http//owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Tacio, Henrylito D. (2009, May 2). Philippines Ecosystems on the Verge ofExtinction. Retrieved from http//www. gaiadiscovery. com/nature-biodiversity/philippines-ecosystems-on-the-verge-of-extinction. html Jeff, J. (2009). 10 Biggest, Deadliest, Most Destructive Hurricanes EVER Retrieved December 14, 2012, fromhttp//www. ranker. com/list/10-biggest-deadliest-most-destructive-hurricane_s-ever-/jeff419RLEsVaKFtFeTcb6U. 99 Broward County Florida (2010). APA Style (6th ed. ) Library Guide. Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http//nova. campusguides. com/content. php? id=114919 Dante, K. (2009). Typhoon Lessons Learned in the Philippines. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from http//reliefweb. int/report/philippines/typhoon-lessons-learned-philippines/ Mariano, L. (2011) Typhoon Watch 2011 List of Typhoons. Retrieved December 15, 2012 from http//visitpinas. com/typhoon-watch-2011-list-of-typhoons/ Sumalinog, F. (July 2010) Archival Research References. Retrieved December 15, 2012 from http//peace. saumag. edu/faculty/kardas/Courses/RMPA/archivalresearch Pictures Google Images at http//www. google. com. ph/imghp? hl=fil&tab=wi Travel Blog at http//www. travelblog. org/Photos/ Photoshelter at http//www. anigarcia. photoshelter. com/ WordPress at http// www. whsword. wordpress. com/ Reuters at http//pictures. reuters. com/ Video (October, 21 2010). 9 accounted deaths in the aftermath of typhoon Juan. Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http//www. gmanetwork. com/news/video/68130/saksi/saksi-9-accounted-deaths-in-the-aftermath-of-typhoon-juan Other Websites (Blogs, Journals, Webpages, etc. ) Typhoons in the Philippines. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines (2011, Apr 18). China Violent storms kill 18 in Guangdong province. Retrieved f