Same Sex Marriage Essay

Same Sex Marriage auditionThrough egress American history, social rights suck up changed drastic alto tracehery. During its birth, the fall in States accepted slaveholding to be just and reasonable. As the nation grew, some wads philosophy changed, and thus the Civil War began. The country was deeply divided, nevertheless unheeding, the North and South stood up and fought for what they believed in. After much struggle, slaves were allowed freedom and at long last disposed(p) the corresponding rights as other(a) Americans. In the 1920s, women suffrage grew as a social movement. Women who were protesting for their rights were beaten, arrested, and kept in prison for wanting to father and commit the same(p) opportunity as men. They were extremely passionate, however, to be pre racen the same rights. We now face a nonher social right movement. Michael Bloomberg, the city universeager of refreshed York, severalise of matterd, Throughout our history, each and every(preno minal) generation has spread out upon the freedoms win by their pargonnts and grandp arnts. Each and every generation has re move some of the barriers to copious participation in the American dream. And the next great barrier rest before our generation is the prohibition on unification ceremony for same-sex opposes (Huffpost). The fairy corresponding conjunction relentlessly and courageously crowd for equal rights. merry galluss dont name the same opportunities of descendting matrimonial or even beingness recognized by the state in a civil union. The United States has al musical modes prided itself on its freedom from prejudice and inequality, and same sex couples have suffered from injustice too long, and their right to marry must be recognized. homophile(a) relateture rights has underg one(a) a long, struggling history. In the United States during the 1970s, Jack bread maker and James McConnell applied for a brotherhood license in the state of Minnesota. The st ate didnt allow them to cross with the marriage, though. In response, Baker and McConnell filed a suit for state court, which ended up being pushed up to the despotic Court. Baker and McConnell won their case, and they were allowed to marry each other. A few decades later, however, prexy Bill Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). This gave other states the quality to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages. On December 3, 1996, Baehr v. Miike was the first trial to argufy the freedom of marriage for same-sex couples since DOMA. The trial was ruled unconstitutional, and the state had no genuine reason for depriving the right to marriage for paederastics (History of Marriage).The set-backs kept coming. In the premature 2000s, Alaska, Hawaii, Nebraska, Missouri, Louisiana, Ohio, Michigan, Montana, Texas, Kansas and okey voted to prohibit same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships. In 2004, Pre officent George W. Bush express that he pledgeed a cons titutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. This year, 2014, the judges in Texas and Ohio have stateed their state to reconsider each states ban on same sex marriage because the ruling has no reason why they should not be able to marry. While there has been struggles, other states moved towards recognizing cheerful marriage. Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut recognized civil unions and domestic partnerships during the early 2000s. The same year that Bush stated his opinions, Massachusetts became the first state to effectiveize alert marriage in the United States. Today, approximately 17 states and twenty-one countries and providences doneout the world have either legalized same-sex marriage or recognized it (BostonGlobe).Those who support light marriage argue that gay couples should be able to get married and celebrate their love like every other traditional couple does. They state that same sex marriage does not weaken the meaning of marriage like others believe. Lo ve is love. Anyone, regardless of who they love, should be able to not hardly celebrate their love, but as puff up as live a life the way traditional couples do with all the benefits. These benefits include tax reductions on estates, adoption, employee, social security, and survivor benefits ( cheery Marriage). Gay couples cannot produce offspring, so they typically turn to adoption when they want a family. This could take premeditation of the several children in the foster care system and give needy children a warm and loving home.Not only would legalizing gay marriage benefit the couple, but also the state in which the couple lives. The increased revenue that comes in from marriage licenses and higher income taxes would be a big financial gain for states. Estimations found that New York City would charter in $142 million to the economy of New York City through the legal and financial citation of gay marriage (Love Counts, Thompson). The lack of financial recognition of gay marriage is causing complications for these individuals. While some people whitethorn think of Social Security as just a seclusion program, but it can make a huge difference in other ways. One of the struggles that gay and lesbian couples are facing is receiving benefits aft(prenominal) their significant other has died. Social Security doesnt give benefits or money to the survivor of a gay or lesbian couple because intimately states dont recognize them as being married. Or even worse, if a gay or lesbian couple adopts a child and they both pass away, the child usually does not get any help from Social Security because his or her parents marriage was not recognized by the state or the federal official government (Survivor Benefits). Being denied financial help right after a significant other has passed must be extremely difficult for anyone. The side supporting same-sex marriage concludes that legalizing gay marriage provide not pervert marriage and life for the worst, but for t he better.According to the opponent side, marriage should invade between a valet and a woman. Anything else weakens the meaning of marriage. They argue that by legalizing gay marriage, it will pave the way for legalizing polygamy, incest, zooerastia, and lead to a weaker marriage and a weaker family. Marriage is already threatened with high divorce rates, and allowing gay marriage would give some people the ability to have bestiality come into play and marry other objects. This was seen in Sweden in 1987. Sweden began crack gay couples the same benefits as heterosexual couples, and it weakened the meaning of marriage as both divorce rates and marriage rates increased. Studies in Sweden, Denmark and Norway showed that each countries birth rates increased by five percent, and the turning of genius parents rose twenty-five percent when gay marriage was legalized (Trandafir 317-340). The opposing side also argues with Bible verses such as Leviticus that says, If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is dete changeless. They must be put to death their blood will be on their possess hands (New International Version, Leviticus 2013). The adversary also makes the bank line that it is not right that they have to right taxes for something that goes against their beliefs. In 2009, the Congressional Budget Office estimated what the constitute would be if government expanded the marriage definition to include homosexual couples in the Constitution. The total cost would be about 300 million more dollars between 2010 and 2019 (Gay Marriage). some other argument is the children that gay couples raise will not be embossed in an optimum environment due to the lack of nurture the other grammatical gender spouse brings to their childs life (Gay Marriage). However, Charlotte Patterson and Jennifer Wainright completed a scholarly study about the effects on children who have homosexual parents during 2007. The study found that the ch ildren of gay couples do just as well in school and in other activities as children with heterosexual parents (Adolescence). almost children that are raised with homosexual parents are mentally, physical and emotionally stable (American Psychological Association). In its final argument, the opposition says that marriage is a privilege, not a right. People declare that marriage was created to allow society to support traditional couples in reproduction. Meaning, if we allow gay couples to get married, they cannot have children, so they would not be able to populate (Gay Marriage).Generally speaking, there have been several U.S. Supreme Court cases dealing with same sex marriage. The most recent case was United States v. Windsor. Edith Windsor brought evidence to fight for the right to benefits for same sex couples across the nation. In 2007, Windsor and her spouse, who lived in New York, fled to Canada in order to get married. In 2009, her spouse Thea Spyer passed away leaving every thing she owned to Windsor. down the stairs the law in the United States, widows do not have to pay tax on anything given or inherited from their dead spouse. When Windsor tried and true to exempt herself from paying taxes, they would not allow it because she was not married to a man. The region 3 of DOMA specifically stated that marriage is between a man and a woman. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) denied her claim. They then judge her to pay a gigantic amount of money in heritage taxes. In the Supreme Court, the justices ruled in a 5-4 vote in Windsors favor. According to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, DOMA Section 3s definition of marriage between a man and a woman was unconstitutional. This case practically re-arranged the meaning of marriage within the DOMA act. With Windsor winning her case, this changed the meaning of marriage in DOMA forever (Wikipedia, United States v. Windsor). in that evaluate are several smaller cases of their own kind happening as well. In Ohio during 2013, Judge Timothy Black revoked part of the states recognition of same sex marriage in other states. He commented, Once you get married lawfully in one state, other state cannot summarily take your marriage away, because the right to remain married is properly recognized as a fundamental liberty touch on protected by the Due Process Clause of the Constitution. In Michigan, govern Judge Bernard Friedman will hear arguments in a lesbian couples take exception to the states ban on adoption by gay couples. Their lawsuit also protests the states ban on same sex marriage. Hopefully, theses recent and smaller cases do not need to go up into the higher courts, and each case can get effectuate within their own state. Its quicker and easier for everyone (The Week, 4 Pivotal).For anyone who is going through a frustrating time such as defending their marriage or love, they need a support group or community that they can always rely on. This is where the Lesbian, G ay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community comes into the scene. The LGBT community is comprised of people who are either gay, bi-sexual, transgender, questioning, or supporters who want to see marriage equality in the near future. The LGBT community also claims to have another meaning to their name, Love, Grace, Beauty, and Truth. The desire is that everyone can fit in a certain box or category titled love, grace, beauty or truth, but most gays tend to not pertain to a certain box because they are assorted from the average straight person (Mott). Love stands for lesbian and it is an emotion that fills the serviceman heart with joy and lust for something or someone. It is not just pertained towards a man and a woman love can happen between two women. Grace uses the analogy, you starve while I eat and revel be controlled, polite and pleasant about it (Mott). Gay people are asked to demonstrate controlled behavior in public while others can feast in each others love. Beauty s tands for bisexuality. Being bi-sexual sum that you are attracted to both males and females. Being bi-sexual is beautiful because they do not care what the gender is, they fall in love with the person regardless of their gender. last-place but not least, truth stands for transgender. Transgender people stop pretending what gender society wants them to be. They become whatever gender they want to be. Most people like to think of this as a sex change, but some(prenominal) people in the transgender community say, I did not transition. I transitioned the way I present myself to you, and I transitioned your understanding of who I am, but I am the same woman I have always been. What I did, was begin telling you the truth about me. And in the process, I bloomed like a flower finally allowed to live in the light (Mott).LGBT members do not just deal with matters of sexual orientation, they also help with self-destruction hot lines and prevention websites for such trauma. The LGBT communit y petitions by either creating or signing an actual petition, writing to their state representative, boycotting certain establishments, or picketing out front of the desired establishment or court case (LGBT, Wikipedia). To continue this boycotting and standing up for what they believe in, I believe that a single organization or a community shouldnt be funded by an outside source. If a person or organization truly believes in what they are fighting for, they will either spend the money from their own pockets or get a group of people together in order to fundraise the costs needed.In the light of this subjects controversy, it is prospering to see that it is complicated due to biblical, logical, and emotional morale. It is also easy to get lost within ones own argument without realizing it. Throughout writing this paper, I have grown to understand and respect the opposing sides choices better, while expanding my knowledge on this topic I truly care about. If we as a nation could joi n together and legalize same sex marriage for equality, it would settle one of the many controversial issues of our time. We could then move forward and focus on something else that is even more controversial like fixing our primary and tributary education system. In fact, recent polls state that about 70 percent of voters under the age of 30 support the legalization of same-sex marriage. It is only a matter of time until everyone will be able to get married. Imagine if everyone just switched. Meaning that if straight people turned gay and gay people turned straight. The newly gay people would looking the struggle and resistance of not being able to marry or get benefits, while the newly straight people would understand first-hand what the newly gay people are going through and help fight for them. This division that same-sex marriage is creating between states clouds the fundamental issue we face victorious away natural-born rights that each American deserves.Works CitedAn Ove rview of Federal Rights and Protections Granted to get married Couples. Human Rights Campaign. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2014.Answers to Your Questions About Same-Sex Marriage. Http//www.apa.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.History and Timeline of the Freedom to conjoin in the United States. Freedom to Marry. N.p., 7 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.LGBT. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. .Livingston, Gretchen. Chart of the Week Big Drop in Birth wander May Be Leveling off. Pew Research Center RSS. N.p., 6 Sept. 2013. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.Mott, Stephanie. LGBT What Does It Really Mean? HuffPost. N.p., 24 Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. .NYC.gov. NYC.gov. N.p., 16 June 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.Patterson, Charolette, and Jennifer Wainright. Adolescents with Same-Sex Parents Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. American Psychological Association. N.p., 7 Nov. 2007. Web. 6 Apr. 2014.Gay Marriage ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. N.p. , n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.Rayfield, Jillian. 4 Pivotal Gay Rights Court Cases You Should Know about. The Week. N.p., 28 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2014.Social Security. Survivor Benefits. N.p., July 2013. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.Thompson, William C., Jr. Love Counts The Economic Benefits of Marriage Equality for New York. Publication. New York n.p., 2007. Print.Trandafir, Mircea. The Effect Of Same-Sex Marriage Laws On Different-Sex Marriage Evidence From The Netherlands. Demography 51.1 (2014) 317-340. business organization Source Complete. Web. 30 Apr. 2014.United States v. Windsor. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.11 Facts About Gay Marriage. Do Something. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

History Of The File Management System Information Technology Essay

History Of The File Management System Information Technology establishIts the first perplexity trunk introduced in 1960s. This was actually the proof of concept, in which the feasibility of storing large amount of information was shown. Its the management scheme in which all information is stored on a single large deposit as indicated from its name.It just contains info in which on that point argon no relationships and no links between information and records.Its main drawback is searching a record or data takes a lot of time. Also these systems had a lot of drawbacks like for updating or to modify the data we break to do a lot of efforts as searching took time. Sorting the records was ane of time taking process.Courtesy of http//en.kioskea.net/ fructify/bdd/bddtypes.php3Hierarchical Data root System 1970s mid-ninetiesIn order to take account of the disadvantages in the previous send management system, this data base system was introduces a new concept of upraise-chi ld relationship between the flat files (like trees concept). The origin of data is called root see several branches coming out of it at different aims and the last level is called leaf. For example a p bent weed have m whatever children however a child do-nothing only have a parent (1 M relation).This feigning uses pointers for navigation between stored data.For entreing the data we have to quest for the hierarchy from top to bottom.Its main drawback is that if we need to modify or wants to tag on something in the data we have to alter all the structure thats once again a very tedious task. Some times our data can best model if we have quadruplex parents/owners, so hierarchical Database system restricts ourselves in doing so.Nedeucerk Database System 1970s 1990sCourtesy of http//en.kioskea.net/contents/bdd/bddtypes.php3Some database can be best modeled by having multiple parents per child. So many-to-many relations were introduced in which a record can have multiple owne rs (M M). Examples are DMS and IDMS.Its the more flexible than hierarchical database system as it reduces redundancy.Its drawbacks are Maintainability (for changing the relationships we may require physical reformation of data), Lack of strength. either failure in the system leaves the dangling reference to the data which can somehow be recoveredAs there is no limit on relationships so our system becomes more interlocking.Courtesy of http//en.kioskea.net/contents/bdd/bddtypes.php3 relative Database System 1980s present (second contemporaries DBMS)In order to whelm the drawbacks in the previous systems, this Database system was introduced in which data is organized in tables as shown (each record shown in a row and attributes shown in the columns).Its structure, i.e., a table, is easily understood and the design and standardization process is well defined.So the relationships formed between the tables.Its the flexible, well-established system. Due to its sound theoretical base this database system is used from many years.Standard data access language by dint of SQL( SQL is limited when accessing complex data)SQL considered the fourth generation language.This system dont suffer for complex data types.Courtesy of http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_databaseObject-Oriented Database Management System 1990s present (third generation database system)During 1990s unstructured data become more common so in order to handle these increasing complex data, object-oriented database system were introduced.Its a model in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming.Object databases should not be used when there would be few join tables and there are large volumes of data.Object-oriented data base management system bankrupts high performance to manage objects and give ease to the complex connection of objects. This makes it so much reliable than any other data base management systems.This is one of the database managem ent systems that supports the foundation of data as objects. This includes some kind of support for straines of objects and the inheritance of class properties and methods by subclasses and their objects.Today, object oriented databases plays important role in enterprises increase systems and infrastructure to deal with more complex data requirements.OBJECT-RELATIONAL (1990s-present)Its the same as relational data base but using the concepts of object-oriented data bases that are classes, inheritance and concept of objects. It can be described as mid-way between relational data base and object-oriented data base.In this DBMS the move up is same as that of relational DBMS.There are some features of an object-relational data base management system that includes SQL that can be used to score both relational and objects. It also supports to different functions of object-oriented.DATA-WAREHOUSING (1980s-present)Its the collection of data which helps management in decision making.. I ts basic concept is to provide architectural model for the flow of data. In large organizations there are multiple tasks denominate to different groups of persons each having their records. The warehouse includes development of systems to extract data from their operate systems plus provides managers flexible access to the data.It focuses on modeling and analysis of data for decision makers. Excludes data not useful in decision support process. Data once recorded cannot be updated. Data warehouse requires two operations in data accessing i.e. initial loading of data, access of data.The pull ahead of the data ware house is that it gives same data regardless of the rootage that is easier to analyze information. Another benefit is that if the source system data is water-washed out the information in the data ware house which is under control can be stored safely.WEB-ENABLED (1990s-present)The dramatically effect on database purlieu is the ascendance of the internet thats why its c alled web-enabled data base system.Web-enabled data base is simply a data base which is web-based interface. The main purpose of web-enabled allows users to access data from central warehouse. The application of web-enabled data base is ticketing of an airline or buying computer direct from manufacturer through and through internet. All of this inescapably data base and easy connection if multiple users are through internet.Example of web-enabled data baseIn 2000s the most common change in data base environment is addition of XML defined web services. It is found everyplace for business purposes.Summary of Database ApplicationCourtesy of Modern Database Management eighth edition by JEFFREY A. HOFFER

Coca-Cola Management Assignment

Coca- sess instruction subsidisationCoca-Cola anxietyExecutive SummaryCoca-Cola is oneness of the leading shapers of carbonated drinks e real all over the orb. Over the past tense decades, Coca-Cola remained on elapse of the industry. The attach to was satisfactory to withstand the World war II, and even took it as a work opportunity rather than a li superpower. It was sufficient to surpass the Asian fiscal Crisis and even gained better entre in food trainets that it was non sufficient to full enter. Coca-Cola exhibited the efficient deepen prudence as part of the strategic wariness vary. diverseness heed is the process in which it manages the substitute in the incline of deal. There individual lurch anxiety and system of rulesal wobble oversight argon the theories of change focussing. Aside form the theories on that point argon also cardinal strategies of change management which are the Empirical-rational, normative-reeducative, power-coerci ve and environsal- admitive.This story examines the assorted changes that occurred in Coca-cola. Moreover, this story also discusses the management styles that managers of Coca-cola have adopted. The paper talks about management strategies and analysis will be given on Coca-cola. In addition, there is also a discussion on theories of change and change management. entry representationOver the past old age mass, systems and the environment have evolved. Change is the alone thing that is constant in this ever changing world. From the physical attributes of individuals, up to the environment, change is very evident. Just like the environment and people, line of credites also undergoes changes, it tummy be either massive or minimal. Often times, changes occur in the management of the corporation, in arrange to pass off up with the competition. concord to MacCalman and Paton (2000) the people who went home winners and on top have the common characteristics of in effect handli ng the changes in the situation. Changes in management is a process that any judicature moldinessiness undergo, a business will not be nail down if it never experienced change.Prior to discussing change management, the word change must be first defined. According to Davidson (2001) change is the significant difference in what was before. In business it means accomplishing tasks in a freshly format, succeeding(a) bracing directions, acquiring new technologies, new management procedures, acquisitions and merging and slightly other grand events in corporations. Moreover, Davidson described the characteristics of change. According to him change is significant, prolonged and dissipated and change is a continuous process of alignment. Davidson (2001) argued that change is significant, prolonged and disruptive. In this attribute, change in an organisation includes venturing into new areas of business, much(prenominal) as entree new crossways in the new market, facing an unexpe cted event such(prenominal) as economic crisis and redirection of the company.According to Kudray and Kleiner (as cited by Davidson), an aligned organisation must have a continuous synchronisation of the master(prenominal) management levers such as strategy, operation, culture and reward. Kudray and Kleiner discussed that in these management levers, the managers, antique executive ships officers and supervisors are responsible for manipulating and rearranging both the humankind and non-human elements.In addition, MaCalman and Paton discussed that change is an important persuasion in the business world especially in technology and innovation, from plain technologies and procedures up to more than complex operating environments, nowadays technologies and products are sexual climax in concert to achieve a common conclusion or objective.Organisations that fend changes will inevitably face wider exposure to risks and losses. There are a number of situations in which change is necessary deep down the organisation such as technological advancement that is being utilised by contrasting companies in order to cope up with the competition. Aside from what was mentioned earlier, there are still many issues and concerns that are necessary for change in the organisation, only the close to substantial thing is that organisations ac companionship that changes happen constantly for opposite reasons and the management must dish out these changes as soon as do able to prevent great losses. In relation to the discussion of management issues, this paper will be discussing the business strategies of Coca-Cola corporation in accordance to change process.Change Management TheoriesNickols (2006) has four basic definitions of change management, according to him it is a task of managing changes, a field of professional practice, a body of know guidege and information and a control utensil.Task of Managing Change- Nickols (2006) defined managing changes as the making of transformation in a planned and systematic fashion.He tell that the main objective of managing change is to efficiently implement new techniques and methods within the organisation, moreover the changes to be handled depends upon the control of the organisation.Area of Professional Practice- in what way professional practice came into managing changes? Are there any relations amidst the two? Years ago, managing changes in a corporation is done by the management, supervisors, and CEO of the company, but nowadays with the constant change in the concepts of business and evolution of new theories a number of people have genuine firms that particularly addresses the issues regarding managing changes. According to Nickols (2006), there are a number of individuals and consulting firms that reserve they engaged in activities that involves planned change and that the firm exercises change management practices.A Body of Knowledge- The body of fellowship in change management according to Nickols (2006) includes the following, models, methods and techniques, tools and various forms of knowledge that constructs the change management practice. Moreover, Nickols discussed that the content of change management is influence by sociology, psychology, business administration, industrial engineering, economics, systems engineering and human and organisational behaviour.Control Mechanism- over the past years groups and individuals handling the information systems of organisation have tried to control and direct changes to the applications and systems of the company, however, in recent years people working in this particular area have referred this mechanism of control as Change management.Perception regarding change management has evolved over the past years. Change management is utilised in new procedure, bodily structures, and technologies in order to overpower the resistance to change, however as studies and ideas regarding change management evolved over the past year s, the view on change management switched from a tool in overcoming resistance to developing strength and involvement in transformation. Due to this change management is now regarded as leadership king than a responsive instrument in handling resistance.Coca-Cola Corporation Management StrategiesCoca-Cola was established on May 8, 1886 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton, a local anesthetic anaesthetic pharmacist in Atlanta, Georgia. It was first sold in Jacobs chemists shop for five cents per glass. Initially Coca-cola was sold as a drug, Pemberton during that time considers Coca-cola as a cure for diseases such as dyspepsia, morphine addiction, headache and powerlessness ( compass north America Operating System, 2008).In the year 1985, due to the strong-growing driving force of its rival Pepsi, the Coca-Cola Company reformulated the popular carbonated drinks to suit the preference of the consumers which is sweeter soda. However, the unexampled puff became a commercial failure which leads to the adverse reaction of the public. Protests from diametrical sectors of the society emerged. Due to these events the company return the original formula and named it Coca-Cola Classic. notwithstanding returning the original formula, the company still received accusations from different groups. In the year 2005 the company launched and announced their upcoming products which are the Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero (The Coca-Cola company field of study n.d.).Coca-cola Company is clearly one of the virtually popular companies in the world. Aside from the fact that it is also one of the oldest corporations that was able to withstand World warfare II and other changes in the thriftiness over the past years. The fact still remains that it is one of the most famous brands of Cola in the world (The Coca-Cola company compositors case n.d.).The Coca-Cola Company was able to resist the hindrances that occurred the company was able to utilised change management as efficiently as po ssible to withstand the obstacles.As mentioned earlier, changes in management is ca roled by three different factors which are the outside(a) environment, inseparable changes and the proactive reaction to possible threats and difficulties.External Environment Evaluation- over the past decades, the Coca-Cola Company has faced a number of changes in the out-of-door environment that have transformed the management of the company. bingle of the best examples is during the World War II. The company was able to maintain the status of the company, at the same time, was able to enter new markets despite the environment. Instead of lying-low because of the war, the company became more aggressive finished providing free drinks for the GIs during the World War II. by dint of this the corporation was able to hit two birds at one stone. First, because the carbonated drinks sent by the company, it became a patriotic symbol by the United States soldiers in which led to consumer loyalty. Seco nd, the company was able to take advantage of the situation and established the product in newly-occupied countries by the Ally forces and because of that the company established plants in various locations worldwide paving the way for its post-war expansion.Another aspect in the external environment is the change of taste and expectations of the consumers. During the mid-1980s wherein the Americans favoured the sweet taste of the rival product, the company created its counterpart but became a commercial failure however quite of backing down, Coca-Cola changed its management strategy and returned the old formula, and just renamed it as Coca-Cola Classic. And with the try out of obesity in the United States and consumers became health conscious the company released new versions of Coke in order to address the needs of these type of consumers, such products include Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero.In addition, according to Bool (2008) companies such as Coca-Cola are compulsory to transf orm due to trends that have a ample impact on their business, and one of these trends is the health and fitness. A number of people are noe investing more in their health, and in order to keep up with the trend, Coca-Cola introduced their new product which is a calorie burning flaccid drink, the Enviga. Moreover, Coca-Cola is collaborating with the Swiss company Nestle. Coca-Cola is dealing with innovation and change. During the Asian Financial Crisis, Coca- Cola was also triggered to change its course of management in that particular region. The responses and reactions of Coca-Cola with the external environment are its internal changes.Internal Changes- as mentioned earlier, Asia experienced its monetary crisis in 1997. According to Barton, Newell and Wilson (2002) as the financial crisis swept the Asian region, the chief executive officer, Douglas Daft responded to this by mobilising his executives to workshops about how Coca-Cola would seize new offshoot opportunities. Barton et al, stated that Coca-Cola gave emphasis on acquisition opportunities, Coca-Cola bought acquired bottling business in southeasterly Korea which gave more access in retail stores in South Korea, as well as, better entry in China, Japan and Malaysia. Coca-Cola disregarded its commonwealth-defined market perspective and focused on regional strategic view and acquired local brands of tea and coffee.In the case of health trends and changing taste of the consumers, Coca-Cola responded to this through innovation and change. Innovation is accomplished through development of new products such as the Enviga, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, and other variants of Coke. The change is incited by the trend in health and fitness and consumer tastes which had an impact on the business of Coca-Cola. During World War II, the response of Coca-Cola to the situation is to provide free drinks to the GIs in order to access new markets in which the company was able to do.Risk Management- Companies whether i t is small or large are already acting in advance in order to combat the possible risks that may arise in the future. According to Neville (2005) in the wake of 911, the damages market have changed, big companies reconsider the possible risks and how are they going to use insurance, in Coca-Cola after the prices plus the company look past the typical path of buying insurance directly but instead Coca-Cola considered wholesale insurance through captives.In the year 2000, The Business Wire, reported that Coca-Cola changed its senior management team and organisational structure for the purpose of facing the opportunities, threats and challenges as the company enters the new phase of management. Moreover, Coca-Cola spousal relationship America is decentralising its organisation, as well as, pushing accountability and authorisation into the field of the organisation.The change in the senior management is one change management step that Coca-Cola have undergone in order to increase th e faculty of the company. The constitute individuals are seasoned beverage bottling executives therefore Coca-Cola sees consistent increase in the revenues of the company. The change in the senior management has been effective because the gross revenue of Coca-Cola in North America have been consistent. In addition, according to North America Operating System. (2008), the company undertook a significant change in which an organisational structure was developed to respond to the needs of consumers through incorporating the North American bottle and can, fountain and juices in a single unit of operation. Through this change it enhanced the way beverage choices are created, and it unifies the system of the return chain, procurement and distribution in which it increased the efficiency of services to consumers. single Change Management- According to Hiatt and Creasey (2002) individual change management is the process in which the company provides tools and training to its employees t o be able to handle their personal innovation through change. The ADKAR Model, according to Hiatt and Creasey is a model that can be use as an individual change management. The ADKAR model shows five stages an individual undergoes during the process of change (Hiatt and Creasey 2002)Awareness of the need to change- in Coca-Cola employees, stakeholders and even consumers are inform in the changes, especially in the management, just like in the case of appointing Shaun B. Higgins as the new president of the Coca-Cola Company in 2005. Desire to go into and support the change- the employees in Coca-Cola especially the ones in the management positions participate in the changes that the company must undergo, like in the case of changing the promotional material of Coca-Cola. Knowledge about how to change- the senior managers of Coca- Cola have adequate knowledge regarding the changes that must take place within the company, an example is in the case of Daft in which he had knowledge on changes that must be done in order to counter the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Ability to implement new skills- Coca-Cola has a long history of changes, some are failures, but most of the time it is effective, therefore the company has the ability to put into action the changes that the company have developed, take the case of Daft, together with his team, they were able to implement the changes, not just in one country but a whole region successfully. Reinforcement to keep the change in place- Coca-Cola is an established company and has already made a mark not just in the lives of Americans but most people in this world. The successful implementations of the changes in the company are due to the strict support of changes in the company. Organisational Change Management- this theory presents a general procedure for managing the change in the side of the people at an organisational level (Kotter, 1996). According to Hiatt and Creasey, the organisational change management is con sists of three phases, which are, preparing for change, managing change and reinforcing change.The theory of organisational change management was effectively utilised by Coca-Cola. Different managers in various parts of the world have used organisational change management in order to address the issues that the Coca-Cola faced. From the case study (The Coca-Cola company case n.d.) these people areOne of the most notable CEOs of Coca-Cola Company is Mr. Gouzueta, he was the chief executive officer of Coca-Cola for seventeen years. He was able to determine the problem against other manufacturer of carbonated drinks. Mr. Gouizetta played a huge role in standard the operation of Coca-Cola and developed strategies that aided the Coca-Cola to defeat competition. In addition, Mr. Gouizetta played important roles in planning and leading the tasks in achieving the goals and objectives. In addition, Mr. Gouizetta also appointed Mr. Ivester whom transformed the weakness of Coca-Cola into oppo rtunities and strengths (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.).Furthermore, the paper of Pigseye, the following organisational management changes that occurred in Coca-Cola over the past years. Coca- Cola has distinguished various forms of its advertisements in order to target different forms of consumers instead of focusing on one group. The company changed the packaging of Coke. Coca- Cola also developed new products such as Gatorade and it extended globally which is composed of the African group, Middle and Far eastern hemisphere group, the Latin America group and the European Group (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.). outcomeChange management is a process in which all companies undergo. This is an important procedure because it enables the organisation to make decisions that will be advantageous and skilful to the company. In addition, organisations that are open to change are generally more successful compare to companies that resist it. In a globalise market, new technologies and procedure are emerging rapidly, in order to keep up with this progress a company must be willing to adapt to management changes. The international, as well as, the local market has a very stiff competition, therefore in order to be on top change management must be utilised by companies. Coca-Cola is one of the best examples of companies that utilised change management efficiently and have yielded overbearing results. The evidence is the dominance of Coca-Cola in the soft drink industry not just in the United States but all over the world.ReferencesBarton, D., Newell, R. Wilson. G. 2002, When Is a Good Time to Make Strategic Advances? during a Crisis, of Course. The McKinley Quarterly, pp. 77+Bool, H. 2008, Change and Pressures to Innovate- The Coca Cola Case. Ezine Articles, viewed 30 January 2008, http//ezinearticles.com/?Change-and-Pressures-to-InnovateThe-Coca-Cola-Caseid=328921 Business Wire 2000, Coca-Cola Enterprise Inc. Announces Management Changes and North America Group Reorganisation.Davidson, J.P. 2001, The Complete Idiots talent scout to Change Management, Alpha BooksHiatt, J. Creasey, T. 2002, The Definition and History of Change Management, viewed 30 January 2008, http//www.prosci.com/tutorial-change-management-history.html.Kotter, JP. 1996, steer Change, Harvard Business School PressMacCalman, J. and Paton, R. 2000, Change Management A reach to Effective Implementation, Sage Publications Inc.Neville, L. 2005, Insurers Seek New Role in A Changing World, Global Finance, viewed 30 January 2008, http//www.gfmag.com/2005/Apr/c_ci/fe_art06.phpNickols, F. 2006, Change Management 101 A Primer, Distance Consulting, viewed 30 January 2008, http//home.att.net/nickols/change.htm.North America Operating System. 2008, Coca-Cola Company, viewed 30 January 2008, http//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/annualandotherreports/2003/opseg.shtmlThe Coca-Cola company case. n.d., Pigseye, viewed 30 January 2008, http//pigseye.kennesaw.edu/jmburu/case2.html

Global Plan to Eliminate New HIV Infections

spheric Plan to Eliminate New human immunodeficiency virus InfectionsAbstractThe count prizeed the progress of 20 priority sub-Saharan African countries in the attainment of the physical objects outlined in the orbicular Plan for the emptying of New human immunodeficiency virus Infections among Children by 2015 and Keeping their M others subsisting.The 2012 progress reports of the countries were extracted from the UN support online database. The world(a) and Prong 1, 3, and 4 targets were analysed with respect to the May 2013 targets and milest whizs. The 2009 to 2012 and the 2005 to 2010 mid point estimates were analysed respectively for international target 1 Reduce shape of virgin infections among children by 90% and global target 2- Reduce AIDS-related deaths during gestation or within 42 old age of the end of pregnancy by 50%. Estimates were calculated utilise Spectrum version 4.6 and Wilcoxon class-conscious test was used for data analysis.Between 2009 and 2012, there was 38% total reduction in global target 1 slice between2005 to 2012 there was 25% total reduction in global target 2 for the 20 priority countries. Ghana and South Africa put down the intimately significant reduction for global target 1 with 72% and 63% respectively while Nigeria, Chad, congou representative country and Lesotho natureed slight than 20% reduction. Only Botswana and Ethiopia enter over 50% reduction in global target 2. There has been significant progress however the global milestones vex non been attained. more effort is indispensablenessed in Nigeria, Congo popular Republic and Angola and sustained momentum in other priority countries to achieve the global Plan goals and milestones.human immunodeficiency virus infection remains one of the major cause of death in children and their mothers in Sub Saharan African (SSA) countries 1,2,3. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection from mothers to their unborn children and infants is mostly during pregnancy, weary and post nat everyy during breastfeeding period. 4,5. There has been gradual reduction in brand- in the altogether-fashioned human immunodeficiency virus infections among children of human immunodeficiency virus infected mothers since the commencement of continueion of mother to child transmitting programme (PMTCT) entirely as at 2009, a staggering 370,000 children were recorded to capture became newly infected with human immunodeficiency virus worldwide and an estimated 42,000 60,000 meaning(a) women excessively died due to human immunodeficiency virus infection and its complications. 6,7.Over 90% of the countries responsible for this high essence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and high mother to child transmission (MTCT) browse are located in SSA. India, which is located in Asia is another clownish which too contri thoe importantly to this burden. These countries narrative for the bulk of the human immunodeficiency virus infected women requiring antiretroviral therapy (ART) in order to prevent MTCT. They in any case account for over 90% of the paediatric human immunodeficiency virus infected children who withdraw ART 7.The case of MTCT presents a big disparity globally with high income countries recording almost postal code new human immunodeficiency virus infections among children and maternal(p) and infant mortalities due to HIV infection. nevertheless most of the low and middle countries especially those located in SSA record new infections because the military issue of women get ating HIV prevention and discussion services is substantially very low. The same situation applies to their children and this exposes them to new infections and death 7.The success recorded in reducing MTCT to almost zero and keeping their mothers alive is mathematical globally. However, this can tho be a reality if all winding will ensure that all enceinte women living with HIV and their children have easy access to antiretroviral drugs and other necessary care as indicated during pregnancy, lecture and breastfeeding. These measures will go a long way in preventing new infections among the children and take care of the health of the mothers as well. Provision and appropriate use of goods and services of ARVs as prophylaxis has been proven to reduce HIV MTCT to less than 5% 9. different measures that targets HIV infection prevention among women at increased risk of HIV and the unmet family planning needs of women living with HIV will contribute significantly to reduction for subsequent antiretroviral prophylaxis and treatment need 12.In May 2009, the Joint joined Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) made a cancel for the virtual excretion of MTCT globally. This call was supported by many other multilateral and bilateral mount upncies, regional coordinating bodies, national governments and their HIV/AIDS control agencies . In furtherance of this noble course, the World Health system of r ules (WHO) in 2010 published new guidelines which include the best available scientific and programmatic tools to accele localise the reduction of MTCT and achieve the virtual elimination of MTCT. These guidelines overly included advice for safer infant feeding. 6,7The call for the virtual elimination of new paediatric HIV infection led to the launching of an initiative known as world-wide Plan Towards the Elimination of New HIV Infections among Children by 2015 and Keeping their Mothers Alive in July 2011 at the United Nations General Assembly High train Meeting on AIDS. The Global Plan was developed through a consultative process by a Global Task team convened by UNAIDS. The Global Task Team included experts and policy makers from 25 countries and 30 civil society organisations, private sector, ne cardinalrks of people living with HIV and international organisations. This plan was designed to provide the foundation for country-led movement towards the elimination of new HIV in fections among children and keeping their mothers alive.The Global Plan covers all low- and middle-income countries, but with a particular focus on the 22 countries with the highest estimated quashs of enceinte women living with HIV. These countries are Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Cte dIvoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. These countries were selected based on the fact that they account for nearly 90% of pregnant women living with HIV in need of services. These countries also need exceptional efforts to achieve this goal. The Global Plan also supports and reinforces the development of country-driven HIV national plans 7.The Global Plan focuses on arrival pregnant women living with HIV and their children prior to pregnancy, through the time of pregnancy until stoppage of breastfeeding. The HIV preventio n and treatment needs of mothers and children will be met within the existing comprehensive HIV care programmes.The implementation theoretical account for the Global Plan is based on two global targets and broader four-pronged strategy. The strategy provides the foundation for national plans development and implementation. It encompasses ranges of HIV prevention and treatment indicators for mothers and their children, inseparable maternal, newborn and child health services and family planning, and as a life-and-death cyclorama of efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4, 5 and 6 10,11.Global identify 1 Reduce the number of new HIV infections among children by 90% .Global tail 2 Reduce the number of AIDS-related maternal deaths by 50%.Prong 1 Prevention of HIV among women of reproductive age within services related to reproductive health such as an ecstasyatal care, postpartum and postnatal care and other health and HIV service delivery points. prey Reduce HIV inciden ce in women 15-49 by 50%.Prong 2 Providing appropriate counselling and support, and contraceptives, to women living with HIV to meet their unmet needs for family planning and spacing of births, and to optimize health outcomes for these women and their children.Target Reduce unmet need for family planning to zero (Millennium Development Goal).Prong 3 For pregnant women living with HIV, ensure HIV testing and counselling and access to the antiretroviral drugs needful to prevent HIV infection from being passed on to their babies during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding 9.Target Reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV to 5%.90% of mothers receive perinatal antiretroviral therapy or prophylaxis.90% of breastfeeding infant-mother pairs receive antiretroviral therapy or prophylaxis.Prong 4 HIV care, treatment and support for women, children living with HIV and their families.Target Provide 90% of pregnant women in need of antiretroviral therapy for their own health with life-long antiretroviral therapy.By the end of 2015, the estimated number of new HIV infections in children is expect to have been cut down by at least 85% in each of the 22 priority countries, the estimated number of HIV-associated pregnancy-related deaths reduced by 50% and all countries will have met the targets for elimination of new HIV infections among children and keeping their mothers alive. There is however need to measure the progress made by these countries and to address gaps and repugns identified.This study aimed to assess the progress made by twenty of the priority countries involved in the Global Plan in sub Saharan Africa. This is coming two years after the formal launching of the Global Plan with the countries reservation commitment towards the elimination of new HIV infections in children and keeping their mothers alive.This study looked at the progress made so out-of-the-way(prenominal) in opposition some of the targets and milestones set to be met by May 2013.We sear ched the UNAIDS online database of the 2012 progress reports submitted by the priority countries. The 2009 2012 mid point estimates were analysed for 20 of the sub- Saharan African Global Plan priority countries. The estimates were calculated development Spectrum version 4.6. The Spectrum files were developed by country teams and compiled by UNAIDS in 2013. However, the estimates from AIDS related deaths during pregnancy or within 42 days of the end of pregnancy was from 2005 to 2010 8.Only 20 of the Global Plan priority countries data were analysed due to non availability of country particular(prenominal) data for Uganda and India. .In order assess the progress made, the global targets and Prong 1, 3, and 4 targets were quantitatively analysed with respect to the May 2013 targets and milestones.Some of the global and country targets and milestones assessed were The estimated number of new HIV infections in children is reduced by 50% from 2010 levels in at least 10 high-burden countries. (Country target and milestone).The estimated number of new HIV infections in children is reduced by 50%. (Global target and milestone).The data was analysed using statistical package Stata version 12.1.Overall TargetsBetween 2009 and 2012, the number of new infections among children in the 20 Global Plan priority countries in sub-Saharan Africa countries with country-specific data was estimated to have reduced from 315570 to 197170. ( Wilcoxon ranked test P = 0.0001 shelve 1 and 5). The total reduction in the estimated number of new HIV infections among children was 38% from 2009 levels in the high-burden countries.AIDS-related deaths during pregnancy or within 42 days of the end of pregnancy among the 20 Global Plan priority countries in sub-Saharan Africa countries with country-specific data reduced from 36000 in 2005 to 29030 in 2010.Prong 1 TargetThe new HIV infections among women 1549 years old among the 20 Global Plan priority countries in sub-Saharan Africa countr ies with country-specific data reduced from 687900 in 2009 to 606000 in 2012 (Wilcoxon ranked test P = 0.0001 hedge 2 and 5 ).Prong 3 TargetsThe last-place Mother to Child Transmission rate (%) among the 20 priority countries with country-specific data reduced from 27% in 2009 to 19% in 2012 (Wilcoxon ranked test P = 0.0001 Table 3 and 5 ).The percent of women receiving antiretroviral medicines (excluding single-dose nevirapine) to prevent MTCT increased from 34% in 2009 to 63% in 2012 (Wilcoxon ranked test P = 0.0001 Table 3 and 5).The percentage of women or infants receiving antiretroviral medicines during breastfeeding to prevent MTCT increased from 11% in 2009 to 43% in 2012 (Wilcoxon ranked test P = 0.0001 Table 3 and 5).Prong 4 TargetsThe percentage of antiretroviral therapy reporting among children 014 years old increased appreciably from 22% to 35% in all the Global Plan priority countriesIn SSA,the percentage of pregnant women living with HIV receiving antiretroviral th erapy for their own health increased from 23% in 2009 to 57% in 2012 (Wilcoxon ranked test P = 0.0001 Table 4 and 5).Two countries namely Ghana and South Africa have through tremendously well in achieving the highest reduction in the numbers of new HIV infections among children from 2009 to 2012 with 72% and 63% reduction respectively 8. Others deal Botswana, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zambia and Namibia had also achieved remarkable reduction with Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania almost reaching the 50% reduction.Angola, Nigeria, Chad, Congo Democratic Republic and Lesotho are still lagging behind in the aspect of reduction of new infection in children. The case of Nigeria is really a concern considering the fact that she has the highest number and about one third of all new paediatric infection in sub Saharan Africa. Angola is also a case for concern, there has been increase in new infections or else than reduction since 2009.Furthermore , there has been reduction in the AIDS-rela ted deaths during pregnancy or within 42 days of the end of pregnancy from 2005 to 2010, although with some exceptions like Mozambique and South Africa. There has been some reduction in new HIV infections among women 1549 years old in the priority countries but with some exceptions such as Angola, Cameroun, Chad, Cote DIvoire, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe.There was reduction in the final Mother to Child Transmission rate with Botswana and South Africa lead story the pack. These two countries have already reached the 5% target for the reduction in transmission rate 8. More women are now able to access antiretroviral medicines and thereby reducing the risk of new HIV transmission to their children compared to 2009. intravenous feeding countries had already surpassed the 90% target for the increase in percentage of women receiving antiretroviral medicines (excluding single-dose nevirapine) to prevent MTCT, however, Angola, Chad, Nigeria and Congo DR did poorly in this area of mat ernal antiretroviral reporting. The increase in the percentage of women or infants receiving antiretroviral medicines during breastfeeding to prevent MTCT among the priority countries is a commendable tonus because some of the countries do not have this programme in place as of 2009. There was a significant increase in antiretroviral therapy coverage for pregnant women living with HIV in the priority countries. Botwsana and Namibia had achieved above 90% antiretroviral therapy coverage for pregnant women living with HIV . These increased coverage levels of antiretroviral medicines is expected to translate into lower mother-to-child transmission rates.Over the years, there has been an increase in the number of children who are on antiretroviral therapy but this increase is still not the desired expectation with two third of eligible children been denied the needed medical specialty in most of the priority countries. It is noteworthy that Botswana was already having above 95% paed iatric antiretroviral coverage as at 2009.A major boundary of this study is the non availability of Uganda and India country specific data . Another challenge was in measuring the progress of the initiative because most of the priority countries do not have a direct measurement of the number of new HIV infections among children 8.There has been a significant progress among most of the sub Saharan African priority countries in the bid to eliminate new HIV infections in children as seen by the reduction in the percentage of final mother to child transmission of HIV.The success story so far include reduced number of children newly acquiring HIV infection, ameliorate and increased access to HIV treatment for eligible women and their children, increased coverage of antiretroviral medicines for pregnant women living with HIV to prevent mother-to-child transmission from and reduction in AIDS-related deaths during pregnancy or within 42 days of the end of pregnancy.However, only seven co untries has been able to achieve the 50% reduction in estimated number of new HIV infections among children thereby falling short of the expected ten countries target by May 2012 7. Also the number of new HIV infections in the countries declined by only 38% against the target of 50%. More effort is needed in certain countries like Nigeria, Congo Democratic Republic and Angola and sustained momentum in other priority countries in order to achieve the Global Plan goals.

Research Strategy Justification Of Methodology Psychology Essay

seek Strategy Justification Of Methodology Psychology EssayThe costing chapter initi onlyy supplys a brief insight by discussing few construction into surfacees and philosophies, which were considered during the literary productions review. The second variance of the chapter alto filmherow for comp be several(predicate) look systemologies. dissimilar opinions from sources ar presented and critic whollyy comp bed to cater the reader with sound familiarity closely numerical, loco and mixed systemologies. This is followed by the justification of the cave inicularised methodology, which leave al mavin be utilise in-order to investigate the peculiar(prenominal) wooing psychoanalyse. In the middle activate of the chapter, explore strategy, explore design, the pattern size of the query, spurned methods and procedures ordain be discussed followed by the selection of specific seek method to collect selective information from the FLMs in nidus base and H R theatre director is discussed in-detail. The next interrupt of the look is to discuss how to master validity of entropy. rigourousness and reliability of selective information is in truth essential of every research. Data quiet from fourfold sources move be cross- give earenced to ensure the research is valid. At the end of the chapter limitation of the research leave be discussed followed by ethical issues, which leave behind be considered during the all-encompassing research.3.2 enquiry PhilosophiesIn the following character varied research admittancees and philosophies are discussed which were considered during the detail literature review. outgrowth of the improvement considered was the epistemological approach which is a part of philosophy that asks questions such as what shadow we know? or what domiciliate we be sure of? and questions such as How do we bring in beyond opinions and information to the real facts and knowledge?. The realistic objectivity is ground or so what is know near the HR function in the specific racing shell field of force, its strategy, formal structure and systems that charabancs put one over to endure within and what could be considered as constants. The infixed entities of the conceptual framework i.e capacity posement, mentoring, support and t to each one(prenominal) mechanism, general involvement in the insurance policy and procedures formulation and handling nasty issues link up to grievance disciplinary and sickness absenteeism policies that are not sluttish to measure and are not fixed or constant. They tail end alto repayher be fully understood th harsh interpretivist means as this part of the conceptual framework assumes that cosmos isnt al slipway unmistakable and in this warrant that is very much dependant on the kind relationships amongst HR advisors, FLMs and managed staff. Using the approach HR and devolution of persona to FLM flowerpot be implemented in the speci fic boldness reflect and diametrical s gullholders weed interpret the actual HR role and responsibilities that it contains, in different ways i.e. it is to a greater extent subjective by nature.3.3 Comparison between Qualitative, Quantitative and mixed MethodAccording to (Denzin, Norman K. Lincoln, Yvonna S. (Eds.). (2005) in social sciences numerical research is often contrasted with soft research which is the examination, analysis and interpretation of observations for the function of looking primal meats and patterns of relationships. The soft research doesnt involve mathematical models although, it has been argued again and again that the twain go hand in hand. Some writers always argue that in that location was a disagreement astir(predicate) the proper tail of qualitative versus quantifiable research. The new method of qualitative research evolved to address the perceived problems with reliability and imprecise modes of data analysis. Both the research m ethodologies puddle a different assumption slightly the world. According to (Taylor Bogdan, 1984) Quantitative research is base on a positivist philosophy, which assumes that on that point are social facts with an objective reality apart from the beliefs of individuals. Qualitative research is rooted in a phenomenological paradigm, which holds that reality is socially constructed through with(predicate) individual or collective definitions of the situation. The second resume comparison between both the approaches was d adept perfectly by (Richard Cook, 2003) where the writers explains that valued elusion portrays a world of variables and static states whereas qualitative probe describes battalion acting in events or a program. The writer gave an example of how managing director tells victimisation hiring call into questions to encourage staff to actively sell services or an informant tells about the political battles that led to the legislation governing sales. The writer farther argues that differences presented between qualitative and numerical studies having different descriptive strengths. The quantitative watch assesses the magnitude of relationships more precisely. One foundation say earlier clearly that 61% of the variance in student learning is explained. The qualitative news account statement concludes with more ambiguous statements like strong leadership is necessary, just not sufficient for excellence. The author just highlights the issues of approach regarding these research methodologies where the quantitative researcher typically usages experimental or correlational designs to reduce error, bias, and almost opposite(a) noise that keeps one from clearly perceiving social facts. The prototypical qualitative subscribe is the ethnography, which inspection and repairs the reader witness the definitions of the situation of those, studied. The author investigate the issue of purpose regarding the research methodologies w here quantitative research seeks to explain the causes of changes in social facts, in general through objective measurement and quantitative analysis. Qualitative research is more concern with catching the issue and viewpoints. (Lindlof, T. R., Taylor, B. C. 2002) emphasis that quantitative cultivation persuades by de-emphasizing individual judgment and stressing the use of established procedures. While the language of shot testing is avoided, the impression is given that the whole instruction is a make grow exploration of a pre-existing conceptual framework where is qualitative study there is slight attention is given to describing procedures and how individual judgment is make grow in the qualitative study. The study is presented as frankly exploratory. The strategy is one of comparing pairs of agencies kn accept to be different in order to discover what might explain those differences. The search is not described as strongly controlled by pre-existing theory. There is no preliminary model. Instead, reference to past tense research is incorporated into the presentation of becomeings.Quantitative research designs are characterized by the assumption that data, evidence, and rational favors shape knowledge (Horna, 1994). Qualitative research designs are those that are associated with interpretative approaches, from the informants point of view, rather than ethically measuring discrete, observable behavior (Jones, 1997). Neither quantitative, nor qualitative method, however, is superior over the different, for each has its own strengths and weaknesses, especially when considered in relation to a particular problem. (Halfpenny, 1994) however, mentions that there is some polarity between the two methods where quantitative approach is described as hard, objective and rigorous the early(a) is considered to be soft, subjective and speculative. At the kindred period, many researchers have shown that both the approaches may complement each other (Bur gess, 1984) and may be integrated in the practice of social research. complex methods research has thus come of age (Creswell, 2002). The most widely utilise term given to the concept, encompassing use of more than one method employed within one piece of research, is triangulation between methods (Creswell 2002). Whilst not rock for a hierarchy of research methods, this third way, the mixed methodology, posts even greater strengths to the researcher, and may enhance both the quality and the perception by others, of the research. The study involved both secondary as well as base research and con present-day(prenominal) triangulation approach can be adopted. It is useful as a model when a researcher uses two different methods in an attempt to confirm, cross-validate, or corroborate strikeings within a single study (Creswell, 2002). Creswell overly emphasizes that this model generally uses separate quantitative and qualitative methods as a means to offset the weaknesses inherent within one method with the strengths of the other method.3.4 Research Strategy Justification of MethodologyThe study is an swither to explore the barriers preventing successful devolution of Human imagination Management to fall outing Line Manager in specific case study (in Pakistan textile Indus endeavor). The research testament provide analogy by comparing the views and possesss of FLMs against the HR Manager to chance upon the lynchpin barrier that are preventing successful degeneration of Human Resource Management to the Front Line Manager. The study besides provides a constructive conclusion on the impact of devolved Human Resource on the FLMs and the organisation itself.The methodology, which leave alone be employed, in this research will draw the existing knowledge, utilising the conceptual model and the most essential is the researchers experience working in this textile industry will be very useful. Still there will be questions which will still indigence more de tail answers so open semi structure wonder will be used that will be directed towards the FLMs (See adjunct BI for semi-structure consultation). After the data is cool from FLMs, the semi-structure interview will be conducted (asking the same set of questions) with the HR manager to compare the views and experiences so that we can identify the tell apart barriers that are preventing successful devolution of human resources responsibilities to the FLMs (See Appendix BI).This approach will collect information qualitative in nature, rather than any numerical collection of data or exposition found on the attributes of the graph or source of data. As reinforced by (Guba, E. G., Lincoln, Y. S. 2005) Qualitative research is often used for policy and current working procedures since it can answer certain important questions more efficiently and effectively than quantitative approaches. Qualitative approaches have the advantage of allowing for more diversity in responses as well as t he capacity to lodge to new readings or issues during the research dish out itself so it would be more suitable to use in the research project to investigate the current problem. So qualitative methodology would be more suitable as reinforced by (Richard Cook, 2003) where author highlights the difference between two methodologies where the quantitative researcher typically employs experimental or correlational designs to reduce error, bias, and other noise that keeps one from clearly perceiving social facts. The prototypical qualitative study is the ethnography, which helps the reader sympathize the definitions of the situation of those, studied. The qualitative study is more concerned with the taste of the issues and viewpoints of the people and issues hitd to them.The study is based on the specific case study (in Pakistan textile Industry). According to ( black cat, 2007), case study approach will enable a holistic ac amount of the subject, which will help to investigate a nd explore relationships between the experiences of FLMs against the HR Manager. The study will try to answer the questions whether the expectation from different stakeholders was expectable and justifiable? What are issues colligate to the devolution of HR responsibilities to FLMs? Did both the main stakeholder agreed or disagreed on the key barriers to the successful devolvement of HR responsibilities to FLMs? Were key players able to range out their duties due to these barriers? What were the underlying reasons if there are any key barriers to the successful devolution of HR responsibilities.This is particularly the case for understanding how and wherefore certain outcomes were achieved (not just what was achieved) but also answering important questions about the functions and procedures of HR and their relationship with the FLMs. Also to explore the impact on FLMs existence able to take HR role effectively, and identifying the key barriers in the overall devolvement of HR. This will be achieved by use semi-structure interviews from the FLMs. These types of research can be expensive and age-consuming to conduct, many fields of research employ qualitative techniques that have been specifically developed to provide more succinct, efficient and timely outcomes. For this research, a specific case study is used which provide a single case holistic approach. The research is focused on investigating the barriers preventing successful devolvement of Human Resource Management to number one Line Manager in specific case study (in Pakistan framework Industry). The other major reason of using the specific case study is, that we can collect eightfold views from different stakeholders, which are involved in the organisation. The multiple views from different FLMs and HR manager can give a detailed insight about the organisation and allow the researcher to understand fully the issues related to the research topic.The research focus on the FLMs save not the sta ff and would like to investigate the barriers to the effective HR devolvement . One more key benefit of using the case study is that it provides easy approach to the FLMs to halt their opinion and then to broaden the knowledge after the semi-structure interviews then involve the experiences of HR manager with the semi-structure interview to understand the underlying key issues and barriers that are effecting the overall successful devolution exhibit. The main draw rearwards with a single case study is that it doesnt allow any sort of comparison or critical evaluation of responses from other research case. This can be limited if the research wants to draw conclusion from another case study.3.5 Research Strategy for the Specific Case StudyThe following section will discuss the strategy and analysis process that has been formulated and will be used in the research. The analysis process describes the canonic elements of data analysis and interpretation and its fluid. First of the re search is based on a specific case study which will provide a holistic account of the issues related. The case study approach will allow to understand the overall situation and have a sound knowledge how these entities interact with each other and their relationship. To gain detail understanding of all the issues around the devolvement of HR this can only be achieved using semi-structured interviews and qualitative questionnaires due to time constraints and the limited access time to FLMs working for the case study. The research is not looking to compare the individual FLMs against each other or compare different departments against each other. The main focus of the study is to consider FLMs as a single entity or element and identify and explore the barrier in the overall devolvement process. then HR Manager will be asked about the key barriers that are touch the devolution of HR responsibilities to FLMs. These difference of experiences and opinion will be compared and contrasted to find the problem.The good analysis of data depends completely on understanding the data that has been gathered and having in-depth knowledge about the issues related to the problem that is macrocosm investigated. During the qualitative analysis the data gathered should be studied in-detail and also any noticeable impression should be recorded which can be further investigated from different focus groups of FLMs. The focus should be on the quality of data because some clock information provided doesnt add any meaning or value. The process of detailed evaluation and analysis will lead to what you want to find out. This will identify few key questions that you want your analysis of the research to answer. This will be noted and help to decide how to begin. The key questions can change but the focus will be maintained. In this approach the focus will be to analyze how individuals or focused group responded to the open ended questions. This stage will be crucial because all the respo nses will be collected in order to identify the unity and differences. The data from each question will be put together. indeed the researcher will explore the connection and relationships between questions and their responses collected. During different research various methods are used to categorize information such as coding the data or indexing the data. To bring the real meaning to the data collected different key fields or pattern will be organized based on ideas, concepts, behaviours, interactions or key phrases. past organisation into coherent categories will be summarized and bring meaning to the text. This process can be very time consuming and labour intensive depending on the amount of data that will be collected. The process has to be thorough and the data collected will be re-read multiple times to identify the coherent categories or key themes. The key themes will get the focus of the study and areas that carry further investigation. In the research using the pre conceived themes or categories, you read through the text and find the themes or issues that recur in the data. This approach allows the categories to emerge from the data. These categories or key themes are defined after you have worked with the data or as result of working with data. The initial list of categories can change as you work with the data and investigate further. This is an iterative process and some new themes can emerge or different subcategories can emerge to get the focus.As you are organizing the data into different key themes and categories either by the questions you will begin to see the key pattern and connections both within and between the key themes. Assessing the relative importance of different themes will be crucial for the analysis of data. To identify which categories appear to be more important, you can count the number of times particular themes comes up, or the number of unique respondents who refer to certain themes. These count can provide a very rough estimation of relative importance of key themes. Also during the analysis of data you can find that two or more themes that can find together consistently in the data. When one theme is found the other appears automatically. It can be cause and effect relationship or have sequence through time. For example, respondents may link that the barriers to successful devolution to HR are because of certain reason whereas another focus group recall the same shows the cause effect relationship. These connections if identified are important to look for, because they can explain why something is happening and helps to identify the problem and rectify understanding of the underlying issues. Then the researcher should ask himself how do things relate with each other? What are the key themes and what relationship they have with each other? What can be other factors that may contribute? Then they key themes and connections will explain the findings. The researcher will avoid to get side tracked by the details and the rich description in the data and focus on the important issues and key relationships that are creation investigated in the research. The interpretation of data will take place provide meaning and significance to the analysis of data. The good place to initiate is to develop a list of key points or important findings that will be discovered as a result of categorisation of key themes and screen the data. Then the next phase of analysis of data is to stand back and presuppose about what you have learned. What are the major lessons? What new things that have been learnt due to the process? In the final part of the analysis development of an outline presenting the results and writing the final report. The report can include quotes or descriptive examples to illustrates the points and bring the data to real existence. The length and format of the report will depend on the target audience. Sometimes to support the description of the information different diagrams with boxes and arrows can fit all the pieces together. By creating models may reveal gaps in your investigation and connection that remain unclear. These areas can be investigated for further study.3.6 Selection of Research MethodsIn-order to investigate the study research methods, which will be used, are as follows forInitially semi-structured interviews with focus groups of FLMs will be conducted. The semi-structure interviews via a serial publication of three focus group (4 FLMs in each focus group. amount 12 FLMs).Each semi-structure interview with each of the focus group is designed to last for 90 minutes and will take place on 24/1/2012, 26/01/2012, 30/1/2012FLMs are selected from different departments with wide range of experiences and different level of qualifications.3 out 12 FLMs have university qualification whereas the remaining FLMs have basic college qualification.The semi-structure interview will be conducted at the premises of the Specific case study.Durin g the semi-structure interview the key areas that need further explanation will be highlighted and asked from different focus group to get their opinion. Also opinion from the HR Manager will be collected as well.The themes needing further explanation telephonic interviews and emails will be usedTo compare and contrast the view, semi-structure interview will be conducted with the HR Manager. The same set of questions related to key themes will be asked from the HR Manager to present the finding (took place 08/02/2012).The Interview with the HR Manager is designed to last not more than 2 hours.Open Ended questions will be asked at the start of the investigation phase so that participants can feel relax.Documentation related to case study HR policies and structures will be reviewed.FLM job role will be reviewed to find out what they prefer to do incompatible authors and writes agree in the literature that using semi-structure interview would allow in the future to investigate more are as as they gather probing replies. This was reinforced by (Maxwell and Farquharson, 2007) semi- structure interview offer consistency in lines of head with the ability to offer opportunities for further probing responses. The methods have been deployed in different researches and have earned credibility in different qualitative research. To ensure credibility of the research and data which is collected, is verified using different multiple methods and sources are used. These multiple methods will allow triangulating of the facts, which have been gathered. In the study the data from the previous chapter in the literature review will be compared against the focus group (FLMs) semi-structure interview data and further consolidated and checked during semi structure interview with HR managers responses. This will ensure all facts gathered are authentic and valid. In-order to receive a detail feedback from the semi-structure interviews unrestricted questions will be used rather than clo sed ended. Also using focused group will encourage all the participants to think about different emerging themes discussed and it will build on relevant themes. To follow up on different themes and issues raised during the focus group, will be investigated further with the senior HR manager. The interview will be based on issues surrounding devolved HR, and what have arisen from the interviews with FLMs.3.7 Research Design Procedures.The aim of the study is to explore the barriers preventing successful devolvement of Human Resource Management to First Line Manager in specific case study (in Pakistan Textile Industry), which shouldnt be ignored while designing the open-ended question for semi-structure interviews. The questions were considered from a range of themes relating to the conceptual model, which was formed out of literature review. The semi-structure interviews via a series of three focus group (4 FLMs in each focus group. Total 12 FLMs). These Front Line Managers comes fr om different departments from the same case study. To cushion the barrier between the researcher and the focus group, initially during the semi-structure broad questions about the specific case study HR functions, its polices and structures will be asked and what issues they think are the barrier to successful devolvement of HR responsibilities to the FLMs. These broad and generic questions will make respondents comfortable and encourage them to engage with the overall research process. After the initial engagement then the second set of questions will be more focused around specific hard and soft elements of HR. The information collected from the FLMs focus group and themes emerging will be further investigated, compared by conducting semi-structure interview with the HR manager. The interview questions from HR manager will be the same set of questions so that experiences from all stakeholders can be compared against each other. This would be a very important opportunity to fill any gaps and press the HR managers to answer all those queries in-detail.3.8 jilted ApproachesThe following section of the study will provide the reasoning and justifications why different research approaches were rejected. The section will briefly highlight the reasons of the rejection and why a specific approach was not deemed appropriate to be used in the research for the specific case study.At the initial stages of the research, all different types of research methods as identified in both Saunders (2009) and Fisher (2007) were critical evaluated and considered but they were rejected due to certain reasons. Ground system was not a viable option and it was rejected because it attempts to theorise peoples subjective understanding of their world, and researchers look for these themes in interviews and observations (Fisher, 2007). According to (Glaser Strauss, 1967 and Strauss Corbin, 1990), the theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data. According to the authors if d one well, this means that the resulting theory at least fits one dataset perfectly. It works in a reverse fashion as compared to traditional research and it appears at the start that its in contradiction to the scientific methods. Rather than begin with a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods. From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The Ground Theory believe that academic understanding only arises from what the research itself tells us i.e. it is emerging theory and not based on theories chosen in-advance of the research established. This approach is not appropriate for the research for the specific case study as in the study there is a research question with set aim and objectives to be achieved and the approach will not be appropriate to be used. Whereas Action Research was rejected simply because of its explicit focus on actions, learning by doing things or a group of peopl e identify a problems and do something to resolve it and in particular it promotes the change process, that was not the purpose of this research.The audition research method was rejected as they are more conform towards scientific objective studies or scientific invention. The Experiment Research is a scientific approach, which manipulates one or more variables, controls and measures any change in other variables. The approach is not suitable for the current specific case study, as it doesnt have relations with the variables or scientific objective studies. Whereas panorama Research method needs a much larger sample size. Also the research would require the use of questionnaires that would be central to being deployed, neither of which were considered appropriate because the researcher didnt want those being interviewed to be awake of any detail of what they would be asked other than them knowing that the research was in relation to HR devolvement only. The main aim of the resea rch was to get the real answers and positions, which they didnt think would be possible with these approaches. The other two rejected methods Ethnography and Archival Research were deemed to be too costly and time consuming and were not considered appropriate for research within the resources available.3.9 Ensuring Validity, and ReliabilityValidity and reliability of data is very essential of any research. Data collected from multiple sources can be cross-referenced to ensure the research is valid. In the study to ensure that reliability and validity of the data collected using semi-structured interview will be further validated by structure interviews. So for this case study, the literature review has been used to highlight the major theme for open-ended questions for the qualitative semi-structure interviews. Then the outcomes from these focus group semi-structure interviews will have emerging areas and queries, which need further explanation. This can be done by designing structu re interview, which are directed towards the HR senior manager who will provide further explanation. By verifying the data collected from the research it will enable the researcher to discover whether the qualitative data collected from the focus groups is telling them what they think is correct or need further explanation.3.11 Limitation of ResearchThis study has some limitation. There is less number of respondents available for carrying out the research. The sample size of the study is small. The time is another factors which is the limitation to carry out details research.3.12 A consideration of any ethical or skipper issues raised by your proposals.In the project choosing participants with various experiences increases the possibility of shedding light on the research question from a variety of aspects. So it would be very upright to involve staff member who have more experience, which can provide insight to the problems faced by textile industry. The other major professional i ssue, which is raised due to the research project, is the aspect of interpretation of text, which will be gathered during the interview process. According to (Patton, 1990) the text can involve multiple meanings and the researchers interpretation is influenced by his or her personal history. Since the researcher is often the one who collects the data as well as the one who performs the analysis, the question of the researchers qualifications, grooming and experiences is important. During the research perform a balancing act with interpretation of data. On one hand, it is impossible and undesirable for the researcher not to add a particular perspective to the phenomena under study. On the other hand, the researcher must(prenominal) let the text talk and not impute meaning that is not there. These issues will be considered while carrying out the research process.3.13 SUMMARYThis chapter presents a helicopter view of the research methodology used for the completion of this study. The chapter further elaborates research approach and strategy undertaken for the completion of this project. The study also highlights different data collection method used for the conduction of the research. Further more, this section also describes the analysis methodology for descriptive and qualitative research technique. Finally, the chapter also describes the limitations of the research.The next chapter will be Presentation analysis, which will present the finding of the research. Different questions will be asked in-order to investigate the problem further and the chapter will give insight to the problems and challenges faced by the industry.

The Fury of Overshoes Essay -- Literary Analysis, Anne Sexton

dick Pan never precious to grow up, for he endlessly wanted to be a boy and have fun. On the other hand, the public argument made by author, Anne Sexton, in her poem, The Fury of Overshoes, is that childhood is roughly appreciated when a person must be independent. A university school-age child finds that he can relate to the speaker. The high school student, still a child himself, will feel the same as the speaker in her youth. A college student and a high school student reading this poem would conclude this poem with different feelings. In the first half(prenominal) of the poem, the speaker reminds refs of childhood. She presents the indorsers with imagery, a form of descriptive language, by illustrating the colorful overshoes line up against the wall of the kindergarten, black, red, brown, all/ with those brass gags (lines 1-5). This part of the poem helps the reader settle into the setting and mindset of the speaker. She repeats remember... remember, inviting the rea ders to recall their childhood, how everything looked then, and how different aspects of life mattered (5, 15). You couldnt/ buckle your own/ overshoe, the speaker states as she continues to list the difficulties, failures, and impossibilities of life as a child (5-9). As children, people are completely dependent on others to do things for them and correct the world around them. It is frustrating for children to not be able to accomplish even simple, self-help tasks. There are a play off of similes the author uses in the poem to stress the helplessness she felt in childhood. In the lines, The tears/ running down like mud (11,12), the reader whitethorn notice the words sliding down the page in lines 12-14 like mud and tears that flowed in childhood days. The speaker compares a... ...k I can transition into a more fledged person. I undergo a happier childhood than Sexton, so I admire my former dependency and joyful memories however, she wishes to be as a child and have her prov ince taken off of her shoulders. Growing out of childhood is required, but not forgetting it. Children take life for granted and wish their time away for adulthood. For instance, several(prenominal) childrens games mimic adult life and fool children into believing a occupational group as an adult is all the fun they imagined it would be. They spend numerous hours paseo with tiny steps in the adult world wanting to mature into it. Later in life, those children have grown into adults and now look stick out with envy while new children are coddled. Most adults will always look back on their youth and wish it had passed more slowly. They may wish they never had to become the big people.

Effect of Female Principals Management Styles on Teachers Job satisfaction in Isfahan- Iran, Girls High Schools :: Education, Educational Systems, Nurturing

Nowadays, Education has changed and developed fundamentally due to cultural, social and governmental changes. Education is under intense scrutiny by public and semiprivate interests who question the systems ability to fulfill its goals of teaching basic skills, instilling values, preventing dropouts, and producing a productive workforce. Such an incredible province requires spunky committed to fulfilling the high expectations .Nurturing and educating the new generation have assigned to teaching methodal systems. Today, schoolingal governing means leadership, directing, reform and change. Therefore, achievement to high level goal of education in each society, demand renovation and reorganization and new opinion in management of educational systems (Allahabad, 2004). Educational Administration either in supervision and monitoring of financial and official affairs, in education or differents that involving directly with development and implementation of educational program , h ave responsibility and tasks in achievement of essential objectives of educational administration as named facilitating teaching-learning process. Schools must give more attention to teacher origin atonement because it whitethorn promote efficiency and staff satisfaction. One of the important factors in progress of psychological and spiritual energy for staff in the organization is advancement of job satisfaction in teachers. In fact, job satisfaction is a kind of emotional and affective coping with job and its conditions which it consists of two components cognitive and behavioural. The cognitive aspect is indicator for staff believes about their job conditions and behavioral aspect means individuals trends to their job. Cognitive aspect has more validity than other behavioral aspects due to further relationship with individuals attitudes. A successful education system is dependent upon a high quality teaching staff. In order to develop this high quality teaching staff, one mu st look at factors associated with teacher quality and retention. One of these factors is teacher job satisfaction. Job satisfaction can be defined as an overall feeling about ones job or career in impairment of specifies, i.e. compensation, autonomy, coworkers administration. Job satisfaction has been studied for many years. Happock (1935) was one of the first researchers to field of view job satisfaction. He found that workers were more satisfied with a supervisory program who was understanding and helpful (as in cited, Bass, 1990). Frederick Herzberg (1959), psychologist and researcher studied job satisfaction because he believed higher satisfaction led to higher productivity, decreased absenteeism, and give away working relations. He found that positive feeling about work, a sense of personal worth, and a sense of personal fulfillment were relate to achievement and responsibility (Wetherell,2002).