The Theories Of Motivation Psychology Essay

The Theories Of Motivation psychological science EssayMotivation brush off be defined as braggart(a) a reason, incentive, enthusiasm or interest that causes a respective(prenominal) to assimilate a particular(prenominal) exertion or behavior. A simple display case could be that our act of mucklecel outing is inspired by hunger.We can divide motivation into twain main types infixed motivation when wad do somewhatthing for pleasure, importance or desire ( versed) alien motivation when external factors run a person to adopt a authorized act or behavior(external)(Lionel, 1994)Theories of motivationIncentive organisationA tangible or an intangible issue is given after the occurrence of an motion/behavior with the use of causing the behavior/action to occur again. Some studies show that if the reward is given quickly, the effect is greater than if the incentive is given after increase passage of time. This repetitive action-reward combination makes the specific behav ior a habit.(Robert, 1995)This speculation is promoted by m both famous behavioral psychologists much(prenominal) as B.F.Skinner and emphasizes that if actions ar positively received, people be more likely to carry them on again and again while if they argon forbidly received, people quash carrying out those acts/behaviors again.Incentive surmisal differentiates it egotism from other theories much(prenominal) as cram theory in terms of behaviorism in such a way that it involves positive reinforcement i.e the act is reinforced to make the person happy and encourage him to carry it on again for recitation a person knows that eating food or drinking pissing bequeath make him satisfied and happy, while in the twit theory, use of negative reinforcement is make i.e the stimulus has been associated with the removal of the punishment for example a person knows that when he bequeath consume food if he is hungry, it will eliminate the negative feeling of hunger.(Wilson,1992)In s impler words, incentive theory suggests that people ar cause to do things because of external rewards. Behavioral concepts such as association and reinforcement play an all-important(a) role in this theory of motivation.(Wilson, 1992)Drive reduction theoryThis theory emphasizes that people have certain biological implys or drives (example hunger, sleep and sex) and as the time passes, the intensiveness of the desire increases if it is non fulfilled or satisfied. Upon satisfying the drive, the strength is cut and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis.In simpler words, people ar propel to carry out some actions in order to reduce the internal tension caused by unmet compulsions. An example of application of this theory is that when you drink a glass of water to reduce the internal state of thirst. Another example is if we were hot, we would seek for a shade, this seeking for shade and drinking glass of water is an example of drive reducing behavior.The problem howev er, causad with this theory is that the drives ar not al shipway, purely motivated by physiological ineluctably. For example, a person may tonus freshly baked bread and want to eat it although he has already done his breakfast little time ago. In this case the drive hunger is not motivating him to do this action just he is just eating the bread because he is attracted to the smell and he knows that a freshly baked bread tastes in reality good.(Lepper, 1995)Maslows theory of hierarchy of motivesMaslow emphasized that once our basic needs, which ensure our survival atomic number 18 met, our attention is diverted to our relationship with others, self regard as and fulfilling personal potential. (Maslow, 1970) physiological needs atomic number 18 the first needs (hunger, sex etc) that need to be satisfied. Safety needs are keyed as second needs and these mainly mean the feelings of shelter that the world is a safe placefor an single to live.Belongingness and hit the hay n eeds are listed as third most important need which refer to being loved by others and accepted so that the separate can similarly give love to others.Esteem need is the 4th most important need. This means that a person has feelings of his self esteem which can be achieved through receiving respect from other people and recognition.self-importance actualization refers to reaching ones own unique potential.The final need is to aline a meaning in the world beyond ones self or self transcendence.(Whyte, 1980)This hierarchy of needs is drawn in a counterfeit of pyramid with the most important need starting from the bottom foreplay theory of motivationThis theory suggests that people carry out some specific actions in order to increase or decrease their levels of arousal. more than clearly we can say, that this theory motivates us in order to notice our arousal level at an optimum point, not below it, not higher.A clear example of application of this theory could be when the arousa l levels gets below the optimum point, the person may go to watch a movie or go for a jog. This is likely to boost up his arousal level. Similarly, if the arousal level gets high, the person is likely to seek ship canal in which he can bring it down, i.e shipway that make him make relaxed such as meditating or reading a book.in monkeys, curiosity motivates them how to discourteous a latch door or a window. (butler, 1954).This theory is real popular both in the field of psychology or physiology. It was originated by Lindsley. According to him, too little stimulation can cause a person to get bored while too high level of stimulation can cause anxiety, which results in single seeking. Such sensation seekers are more impulsive and likely to participate in bad behavior. Impulsivity refers to inability of a person to judge the consequences of a risky action he is going to perform. Such impulsive people might not be able to correctly process cognitive information.(lynam and miller, 2004)Instinct theory of motivationIn accordance with this theory, people behave in specific way because they are evolutionarily programmed to. People do not actually go over to behave like that, it is an inborn behavior. A clear example of such a behavior is the migrations that occur in animals world.(forbes,2011)William james created a list of replete(predicate)s which includedModestyloveAttatchementPlayFearAnger unobtrusivenessHowever, the main problems faced by this theory were that it did not explain behavior, but just described. It described the effect of genetics and heresity on human behavior. some of our behaviors are not unlearned and thus, these instincts are not likely to motivate us.According to Sigmund freud, human behavior is driven by two biological instincts eros and thenatos, the life instinct and the death instinct respectively. The life instinct includes sexual motivation, the death instinct includes aggression motivation. He suggested that people should clasp these aggressive instincts carefully and non-violently by engaging in competitive activities.(steven,2002)William mcdougal also pioneered an instinct theory, in his theory, instincts compose of three parts perception, behavior and emotion. piece have perceptual predisposition to focus on stimuli that are important to his polishs. Humans have the drive and energy called the emotional core amidst perception of the goal and the movement towards it. Mcdougal listed 17 instincts includingHungerRejection of particular substances oddmentEscapePugnacitySexMaternal/paternal instinctGregariousness assertionSubmissionConstructionAcquisitionCryingLaughterComfort easingMigration(steven,2002)Cognitive evaluation theoryThis theory suggests that there are actually two types of motivation intrinsic and extrinsic which cor do to two types of motivatorsIntrinsic motivators that come from actual performance of the task e.g achievement, responsibility and competenceExtrinsic motivators that come fro m a persons environment or controlled by others e.g pay, promotion, feedback and working conditions. some(prenominal) of these could be a more power motivator for an individual.(Lepper,1995)Intrinsically motivated people perform mainly for their own satisfaction and achievement.if they start to count that they are working for pay or work conditions or for any other extrinsic reason, they begin to lose motivation.It emphasizes that powerful extrinsic motivators can decrease a persons intrinsic motivation, especially if the extrinsic motivators are believed to be controlled by others by the individual.(Lepper, 1995)Hezbergs two factor theoryAccording to hezberg, two kinds of factors are likely to affect motivation, and they do it in different waysHygiene factors if these are absent, an individual is motivated. However, their heraldic bearing has no perceived effect. These are the things that when u cut away from a person, he gets dissatisfied and tries to take them back. Examples i nclude decent working conditions, pay, security, company policies and interpersonal relationships.Motivators these are factors whose presence motivates. Their absence does not cause dissatisfaction but just fails to motivate people.We can say that hygiene factors cause dissatisfaction while motivators cause satisfaction. The two scales are independent and one can be high on either or both.(Piers, 2007)MEASUREMENT OF MOTIVATION measurement of motivation can be classified into two typesMeasurement of social drivesMeasurement of biological drives (Chavajay, 2002)Measurement of social drives can be done through the following waysPersonality questionnaireProjective techniquesSituational testsObservationInterviews1-personaity questionnaire in these questionnares, subjects are asked as to how will they suffice to certain situations or conditions. Various tests are used in these questionnares such as interest inventory, Minnesota multiphase personality inventory and calcium psychological inventory. (Chavajay,2002)2-projective techniques these present simple and ambiguous stimuli that allow the subject to respond with projection of both sexes in their personality. These tests are conducted by showing consider pictures, writing stories to subjects and include other tests like Rorschach inkblot test and thematic Apperception Test. Psychologists have experienced that these tests can provide valuable insight into ones personality. However, it is balmy to misinterpret the responses and an inexperienced tester can misuse the information that is collected. Projective tests are also known as objective tests.3-situational tests social drive or affiliation can be measured by giving a person choice between waiting in a need to achieve or the need to affiliate with others such as drives for works, ossification drives, social approval drives, self actualization drives.4-observation observation can be defined as watching an individuals behavior over a time period of time. It c an be done in natural environment or in clinical settings. Through observation, psychologists also try to know most behavioral problems.5-interviews its a way to gather information face to face from the person who is being evaluated. A successive interview is that in which the interviewee is made to talk openly about his feelings, drives and experiences.(Chavajay,2002)Measurement of biological drives can be done through following waysSpeed of learning of individualPreferences shown by an individual when given choices between more than one goalRate of response of an individualAmount of obstruction required to frustrate the animal from reaching a goalAction of nervous systemAmplitude of a responseGross motor activity of an individualThe stimuli presented can be varied and can be internal or external. (Chavajay, 2002)LISTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MOTIVESPrimary motives are also known as biological moitves have a definite physiological basis and are biologically important for an indi viduals survival. These arouse the behavior of an organism in directions that conduct to a change in the internal environment. Sources of biological motivational needs include increase/decrease simulation, activate senses, decrease hunger, thirst, discomfort and maintaining homeostasis, balance. (Harter, 2011)The native motives consist ofHungerThirstPainSexual drive furrow or need for respirationFatigueSleepMaternal driveSecondary motives are individualistic in nature as they are related to self esteem, self exhibition, self security, self freedom and self assertion. These are also known as psychological motives and are very important in the development of an individuals behavior and personality.(Harter, 2011)The secondary motives include desire for affiliationNeed for approvalNeed for achievementNeed for securityCuriosity motiveCompetence motivePower motive antagonism motiveSelf actualization (Harter, 2011)